The+Muslim+Empire

The Muslim Empire



THE MUGHAL EMPIRE ESPIRIT CHART

Mughal Empire

-** Nur Jaham **->became in power while her husband is more and more addicted to wine and opium~ she packed the court with male relatives and was a big spender, but became a major patron of much needed charities in cities-> dead of giving birth to her 19th son. ||
 * E  ||  MI: Economic in the Mughal Empire was not the main focus of the empire.
 * ** Babur **(founder of the empire) ~descended from Turkic conqueror (Timur) and most of his followers are Turkic/ mixed nomadic origins -> ** Humayan ** took over after Babur death. ||
 * S  ||  MI: In the society of the Mughal empire, women were able to gain power, but later their status decline.
 * Akbar encourages intermarriage between Mughal aristocracy and families of Hindu Rejput rulers.
 * Muslim and Hindu warrior aristocrats~ were supporters of Mughal dynasty-> granted peasants’ villages.
 * Widow remarriage and discouraged child marriages.
 * Markets were set for women, so they could get out of their houses.
 * Lower classes were poorly train out of most soldiers in Mughal armies.
 * Wives took advantage of their husband to gain politics power and influences in the court
 * Women in the rest of Indian society decline
 * Child marriage was more popular and age limit was lowered.
 * Widow remarriage among Hindus died out.
 * Hindu and Muslim women had less freedom~ upper caste women-> staying in household, etc.
 * Birth of girl~ nothing happen, birth of boy~ celebration and feasting. ||
 * P  ||  MI: The Mughal empire didn’t focus on government much, but force taxes to the lower classes.
 * Akbar got rid of jizya *head tax* that Muslim rulers.
 * Central bureaucracy and court was support by revenues drawn from tribute paid by military retainers/taxes on lands that given out to supporters of imperial household.
 * The need of essential administrative, military, and social reforms was ignored.
 * Peasants of Muslim and Hindu prices in the north rise to revolt.
 * Tax was given to non believers and fell heavily on Hindu poor and drove them to support sectarian movement.
 * I  ||  MI: The empire mainly uses wars to expand their power and trading to interact with other countries.
 * Bahur armies conquered large portions of Indus and Ganges.
 * ** Akbar ** (son of Humayan) extended the empire with conquests throughout north and central India.
 * One of the oversea trading places for European traders.
 * Indian textiles won a large marketing in the working and middle classes of Britain and other places in Europe. (clothing)
 * Aurangzeb conquer most of subcontinent and extend Mughal control as far north as Kabul ||
 * R  ||  MI: In the Mughal empire, Akbar promoted Hindus and created Din-i-Ilanhi.
 * Akbar promoted Hindus to the highest rank of government.
 * Akbar invented a new faith, ** Din-i-Ilanhi **~ believed could be used to unit Hindu and Muslim subjects ||
 * I  ||  MI: Mughal empire gains their influences of art from Persian and Hindu traditions.
 * Jahangir and Shah Jahan~ expanded painting workshops -> massive resources to build some of architectural work~ ** Taj Mahal ** that became a symbol of India.
 * Architecture influence by Persian and Hindu traditions. ||
 * T  ||  MI: The Mughal empire didn’t use much of technology, but still controls most of the lands and later became a decline.
 * Wanted to improve calendars, creating living quarters for large population of beggars and vagabonds in large cities, controlling the consumption of alcohol.
 * ** Marattas **put an end to the Mughal control over large areas and ** Sikhs ** decline the resources of an imperial system that was overextended. ||

O

Ottoman Empire


 * E || MI: When the Ottoman Empire begins, they begin to extend territories making the empire larger and powerful.
 * **Ottomans** build new empire basing on Anatolia.
 * 1350s- Advance from strongholds in Asia Minor across the Bosporus straits into Europe~ Balkans was later added into the territories.
 * Empire expand into Syria, Egypt, across North Africa, Balkans, Hungary (Europe), around the Black and Red Sea two centuries after the conquest of Constantinople.
 * Size and wealth increase~ marble palaces/ pleasure gardens/ surrounding by slaves/many wives.
 * City/suburbs go from both side of Bosporus, narrow strait of Mediterranean and Black seas separating Europe from Asia.
 * Harbors/Golden Horn a triangular bay that forms the northern boundary of the city~ crowded with merchant ships.
 * Large amount of silver was brought into the empire by Native American laborers in the Spanish empire-> long term of inflation in the empire. ||
 * S || MI: In the social structure of the Ottoman Empire, people receives a higher class rank in they are apart of the military.
 * Warrior aristocracy was the center ~ builds up regional and local bases of support/ control of the bureaucracy.
 * **Janissaries** (troops- part of infantry divisions that control imperial armies) -> adolescent boys in conquered areas/ Christian faith/ power in political influence able to decide who is next on the throne from the royal family.
 * Ottoman rulers= absolute monarchs
 * Muslim traders ~ were in the hands of Christian and Jewish merchants (dhimmis –people of books) that are under the Ottoman rulers’ protection.
 * Early sultan plays an active role in the political decisions and led armies into battles. ||
 * P || MI: During the rule of the Ottoman Empire, sultan remains the control of the whole empire creating the structure of the government.
 * Opportunities for advancement were given to people for their service in the Ottoman sultans.
 * Chief were the religious scholars/ legal experts- in charge of the administrative functions that they had held under the Arab caliphs.
 * Ottoman rulers ~ follow elaborate court rituals that base on the Byzantine, Persian, and Arab dynasties.
 * Large bureaucracy was held by **vizier** that carried administration~ overall head of imperial administration/ held more power than sultan.
 * Ottoman regime~ controls the entry of apprentice artisans into trades and monitored quality goods that are produced.
 * Government inspectors~ to make sure standard weights and measures were used and license new opening shops.
 * Artisans organized into guilds~ guild officers set craft standards, arbitrated disputes among members, and financial assistance for the members, arrange entertainments ~link religious festivals.
 * Empire was too large to maintain leading to a decline.
 * Ottoman state built on war and steady territorial expansion.
 * Corruption among Ottoman officials in the administrative system.
 * Additional taxes and services were put on peasants and laborers.
 * Peasants revolt~ abandoning the cultivated lands/social dislocations ||
 * I || MI: When **Mehmed II** conquers Constantinople, the empire begin to gain more power, but as more lands were taken over the weaker the empire gets.
 * Taken over Constantinople in 1453, **Mehmed II** (conqueror) army outnumbered the defenders and order gunners to batter portion of the walls with cannon~ victory -> race into the city looted and pillage for three days.
 * Death of sultan~ sons=warfare for the throne-> defeat led toward Christian or Muslim rulers to take over (enemy of Ottoman).
 * Heavy weapons and Janissaries determination to block all military changes~ empire decline more-> Ottoman lost to European.
 * Portuguese victory in the Indian Ocean= decline of Ottoman galley fleets/ Mediterranean-style warships. ||
 * R || MI: In the Ottoman empire, rulers willing to have people become a part of the Islamic world.
 * Ottoman ruler~ had cathedral of Saint Sophia to convert to grandest mosques in the Islamic world. ||
 * I || MI: The Ottoman Empire was mainly influence by Byzantine structure of art, language, and government.
 * New mosques and palaces were built throughout the city.
 * Architectural advances the Ottomans derived from Byzantine heritage.
 * Aqueducts were built from surrounding hills that supply water-> markets to be reopened and obtain city’s defenses.
 * Suleymaniye was built (mosques) name after the Suleyman the Magnificent.
 * Powerful administrators build mansions, public and private gardens, rest houses, religious schools, and hospitals throughout the city.
 * Ottoman written in Persian~ Arabic remain an important language for works of laws and religion ~ Turkish language of Ottoman court -> expression of poets and historians and bureaucracy. ||
 * T || MI: In the Ottoman Empire, technology were only used to build the empire.
 * Artillery and firearms were used to build the empire ||