India

INDIA 

IDENTITY WORDLE

media type="custom" key="8861162" width="240" height="240" align="center"

Leader Analysis GANDHI

Leader Analysis Sheet Gandhi, Mohandas || October 2,1869 - January 30th, 1948 || Title: Mahatma ("Great Soul"), leader of India || India || Years in Power 1900s || [] \ []
 * Name of Leader:
 * Lifespan
 * Country/region:
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * British refusal of honor wartime promises
 * Severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom.
 * Indian peasants were angered at ceilings set on price of market produce
 * Bosses become more rich from profits
 * Protestants of India
 * Racism from British to Indian ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Getting rid of the European from his place
 * Indian to be independent away from European
 * Indian doesn’t need to help European in wars.
 * Non violent by aggressive
 * Saytagaren good way to weaken British control and limiting the British strength
 * Believe in troops, education and simple life. Non-violent ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * ROWLATT ACT
 * MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS
 * Led a successful movement of resistance to restrict laws imposed on Indian migrant community in south Africa.
 * Campaigns expand women rights, propety, end ideas of untouchables, quit India movements
 * Hope for self government ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919
 * Dandy ~ protest salt tax, recuiting Indian for war efforts || Long-Term Effects
 * Indian helps the European.
 * Jobs wages
 * Market prices
 * Indian indepedence ||



P-657-661 //**The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order**//  MI: In the 19 century, Europeans conflicts has cause them to leave peace behind and begin war among themselves.
 * European colonizers~ fought each other in colonies of first time~ Asian and African soldiers/ laborers serve the Western Front -> war in Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and east Africa.
 * Colonies supply food for home populations of the Triple Entente powers such as raw materials (oils, jute, cotton) -> British encourage a expansion of industrial production of India to line up with the output of their overextended home factories.
 * African and Asian soldiers were order by Europeans to kill other Europeans~ European troops were withdrawn to meet the need of manpower on war.
 * Western educated elites or new allies such as Arabs, British, and French~ made promise of postwar settlement= compromise for prewar dominance or plans for colonial expanding.
 * Egypt, India, Ivory Coast cause social and economic disruption by the wars ~ possible for nationalist agitators to build anti colonial movements.

India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj  MI: By 1885, the National Congress Party was develop to able Indian independence and govern their government, but British control remains.
 * India was colonized before Africa, movements for independence begin in the Asian colonies.
 * Only small amount of the colonized in India and Philippines were educated by Western -> counterparts in Burma and Netherlands Indies, begin to form give voice to their political concerns associations
 * India largest size and play role in British Empire-> nationalist challenge and European retreat were spread throughout other countries.
 * NATIONAL CONGRESS PARTY 1885 by Indian leaders= Indians independence and governing → bless higher rankings British officials = educated Indians should be known in the government.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">debates in India -> government was dominated by elites-centric issues -> removal of barriers to Indian employment in colonial bureaucracy / increasing Indian representation in-all Indian and local legislative (most of them were loyal to British rulers) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">racism
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Western educated Indians -> poor salaries and limited opportunities for advancement in colonial administration -> meeting in congress, “no matter where they came from in India, they were treated in a similar fashion”.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Social Foundations of a Mass Movement <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Indian became the supporter of the British empire by providing army forces and production to the British.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian business men-> became major financial backers of Congress party~ angered by favoritism British rulers show to British investors in creating trade polices.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian pay for army that fought elsewhere in the British empire, generous salaries and pensions of British administrators, railway equipment, steel for public works project, manufactured goods in Great Britain.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian peasantry produce cash crops such as cotton, jute, and indigo -> Indians blame the British for the cause of food shortages and diseases.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Growing supporter <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Budget goes to other places

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Rise of Militant Nationalism <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: B.G. Tilak and Hindu Communists revolted against the British, as a result the Morley-Minto Reforms develop in 1909 proving educated Indians with opportunities.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hindu population= not to eat cows, but the Muslims eat beef, slaughter cattle and they made up of ¼ of the population in India.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">B.G. TILAK ~ Hindus is made up most of the population, therefore nationalism should build appeals to the religion~ promote Hindus -> opposed women’s education and rising the low marriage age for women / turned festivals for Hindu gods into mass political demonstrations/ demand boycott of British manufactured goods/ persuade Indians to not serve in colonial administrations and military/ demand for full independence with no delays and threatened violent rebellion.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">British imprison Tilak and later exile due to his demands.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hindu Communists~ violent overthrow the colonial regime -> terrorist movement favor operations over demonstrations-> underground network (secret society) and learn how to use of firearms and bombs.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Western educated lawyers ~ dominate force in nationalist politics and provide many movement’s key leaders throughout the struggle of independence.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS- 1909 - gave educated Indians with opportunities both to vote/ serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Indian provided finance and military toward the British, but at the end of war in 1918, the British refuse to honor the wartime promises.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian princes provided loans to the British such as Indians soldiers were sent to war East Africa and Middle East and nationalist leaders such as Eandhi and Tialk tour India selling British war bonds.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian peasants were angered at ceilings set on price of market produce~ rising the cost and inability to sell what they produced due to shipping shortages linked to war.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian laborers ~ wages drop steadily in the face of rising the prices and bosses grw rich from profits earn in war production.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">end of war in 1918~ Indian were mad @ British refusal of honor wartime promises-> MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS in 1919, increase legislators @ all-India leveled and placed provincial administration of India under control-> ROWLATT ACT places severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom-> MOHANDADS GANDHI took power and went against it.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Gandhi put on aggressive protest tactics → peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations labeled as SATYAGRAHA( truth force~ prove a good way of weakening British control while limiting violent.)

p 722-723

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Nationalism and Decolonization**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: By the 1900s, total war begin among nations leading to the creation of Atlantic Charter of 1941 to maintain alliances between he United States and Great Britain.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Japanese came into place for fighting against European~ conquerors imposed on the people of southeast Asia created strength the determination of self-control with own defenses.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**total war** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> such as World War II was fought in cities/countryside destroying European resources.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">total war-> resistant of African and Asian people in bondage / power and influence on United States and Soviet Union -> United States approach a campaign if of liberation
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Atlantic Charter of 1941** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ alliance between United States and Great Britain that needed to survive against Germany-> Roosevelt reluctant to Churchill to include clause that all right of all people to chose own government.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI:In the 1900s, nations fought among themselves to gain independence, while the Quit India movement and Muslim League was created to fight against it.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Congress leaders offer to support Allies’ war effort if British give them a share of power at the all-India level: commit themselves to independence when conflict ends, yet denied by viceroy in India/ Winston Churchchill (head of government leading Britain to war).
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sir Stafford Cripps-> sent to India in 1942 to make a deal with Indian leaders~ mass civil disobedience campaigns begin under <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Quit India movement** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> in the summer of 1942.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Gandhi, Nehru, and Congress politicians were imprisoned ~ communists were commited to the alliance.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Muslim League** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> was formed by former Congress party politician and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Muhammad Ali Jinnah** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ wanted to separate Muslim state in subcontinent harden.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1943-1944~ Inflation = shortages, engendered much bitterness to rural India.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jinnah and League build followers of Muslims~ play widespread anxieties among the Muslim minority that Indian nation would have under the Hindu dynasty/ target of discrimination -> Pakistan (Muslim states) be created in the northwest and east India.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1947~ British given power to Congress party -> Jinnah became the first president of Pakistan.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim fought against each other with violence ~ women and children were not spare, trains being attacked -> passenger put to death, villages were destroy-> People give up their lands.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">January 30, 1948~ death of Gandhi shot by a Hindu
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">British remove the keystone from arch of empire such as Burma and Ceylon~ winning independence peacefully → inspire struggles for Independence in Ghana, Nigeria, and African colonies in 1950-1960.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Filipino ~ loyalty to Americans, guerrilla resistance against Japanese occupation-> grant of independence when war ends.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dutch and French not willing to follow British examples.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1945-1949, Dutch fought a losing war to destroy Indonesia.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">French struggle to retain Indonesia
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">communist revolutions in east Asia.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Why was Gandhi was assassinated by the Hindu?