Development+of+Civilization

Civilization //Definition of Civilization// Civilization is a society that settle in one area to form agriculture, government, and advancement. Civilization has made the government, agriculture, social structure, and economic system more complex. Languages/writings such as the cuneiform were develop when civilization continues to expand to different places. Also, civilization can be define as living in cities and people in it has values and traditions customs. -stable economy, central government, technological
 * //1.1 What is Civilization?//**

//Chapter 1 Key Terms// ** From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations **
 * Neolithic Revolution || * Agriculture begins (Middle East)
 * Learning new agriculture methods~ difficult
 * Agriculture & hunting and gathering were combine
 * Took a long period of time
 * Technology developed and improved
 * Changes in people’s organization
 * basket making/ pottery ||
 * Bronze Age || * ~4000 B.C.E, metalworking became common-> stone tools expanded (in the Middle East)
 * Basic age of human existence
 * Copper= first metal, but bronze later came into place
 * Agriculture people uses metals for their farming (ex. Metal hoes & other tools allow farmers to work more efficiently)
 * Manufacturing artisans benefited from the better metal tools
 * Knowledge of metals spread to other parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe ||
 * Catal Huyuk || * Neolithic village-> found in ~7000 B.C.E.
 * Located in southern Turkey, covering about 32 acres
 * Houses made of mud bricks set in timber frameworks/ close together/ with little windows/ people spent time on rooftops in order to receive daylight & make social contacts
 * Religious-> people having religious responsibilities & religious images were decorated on some houses
 * Village produced consumed goods & trading with hunting people that lives on the hills surrounding the village ( trade->keep peace mostly)
 * 5500 B.C.E-> production activities was created-> skilled toolmakers & jewelers
 * Ruled over smaller communities-> families concentrate on politics/ military forces was organized
 * 3000 B.C.E.-> became a part of a civilization ||
 * Civilization || * More construct
 * Societies-> with enough economic extra material to form labors and different ranks/ inequalities
 * The word came from Latin term “city”
 * Most civilization-> depend on existence of cities-> allow exchange of ideas among large amount of people-> promote trade/manufacturing
 * Agriculture civilization-> most people don’t live in cities
 * Developed writing (cuneiform)-> societies = intellectual/work out political structures
 * Has classes (slavery)/ greater inequality of men and women
 * Continue process of technological change/political organization
 * Increase human impact on the environment
 * Starting in 3500 B.C.E -> develop in Middle East, Egypt, northwestern India, and northern China
 * Patriarchal society ||
 * Ziggurats || * Massive towers build by the Sumerians
 * Forming the first massive architecture ||
 * City States || * Form by Sumerians political structures-> tightly
 * Ruled by king claiming godlike power ||
 * Sumerians || * ~3500 B.C.E-> invaded Mesopotamia
 * Developed the cuneiform alphabet (first known in human writing)
 * Art developed slowly-> statues/painted frescoes-> on temple/home
 * Science-> aid difficult agricultural society (movement of suns and stars) -> improve mathematical
 * Developed difficult religious rituals
 * Believe in many power gods-> prayers
 * Belief in an afterlife of punishment (hell)
 * Government->control religion and enforce its duties
 * Kings-> military leaders
 * Kings/noble classes-> control lands (work by slaves)-> began slavery
 * Learn about fertilizers/ adopting silver for buying/ selling->form money
 * Akkadians took over-> continuing Sumerian culture
 * first civilization ||
 * Hammurabi || * King of Babylonians
 * Created the early code of law-> promoting welfare of people
 * Created rules for courts of laws/ control property rights/ duties of family members-> having harsh punishments for crimes ||
 * Huanghe || * “Yellow River” located in China
 * Civilization along it in China= isolation, but later develop trading overland with India and Middle East
 * Huanghe civilization-> praised godlike kings of the early civilization/ starting of mythic ancestors of Chinese (P’an Ku) ||
 * Indus River || * Urban civilizations arise along the river (2500 B.C.E.)
 * Supporting large cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
 * Trading contacts with Mesopotamia
 * People develop own alphabet/artistic forms
 * Hard to speak confidently-> mixed of other civilizations religion, language, political ideas, and etc ||

//ESPIRIT chart: Civilization// //1.2//

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//ESPIRIT chart: Mesopotamian Society//



// APPARTS Chart on Hammurabi’s Law Code // **__Primary Source Analysis__**

__Document: Hammurabi’s Law Code__ -He knows where the Hammurabi’s code is found and located. -king of Babylon -united Mesopotamia -He knows what the Hammurabi’s code looks like and what is it. -He already knows what the code is about. -He might be someone that studying and collecting information about Babylon. -By knowing what the code is for and where is located might influence their opinions because their opinions will be similar to what the code is use for. They already have the whole story to it, so their opinion would only set to one direction. || -1901 C.E. -Babylon || What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || -Hammurabi was the king of the Babylonian. -Babylonians extended their empire and bring civilization to other parts of the Middle East. -The code was use to promote people’s welfare. -The code created rules for courts of laws, control property rights, duties of family members, and creating harsh punishments. || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || -The audience is the Babylonians that rule under Hammurabi. They would receive this as an order/command that is given out by the king. When Hammurabi begun the speech as “…Marduk commanded me to give justice to the people of the land and to let [them] have [good] governance, I set forth truth and justice throughout the land [and] prospered the people”, in the speech he made it sounds like he giving the information to the people for saying “I set”. When he mentions that it makes him sound like no one can change his mind and everyone should obey it. Also the part when he says that Marduk commands him, it’s saying that he’s is obeying him, so they all should obey him too. || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || -The purpose of this document is to let the people know about the new laws that are created and there will be a punishment for them. When Hammurabi announces, “If a man has accused a man and has charge him with manslaughter and then has not proved [it against] him, his accuser shall be put to death”, is to tell the people that if someone accuses one person of murder and has no evidence that they did. The person that is accusing will be sent to death as a punishment for accusing with no proof. || Support with quotes || - Laws were made to keep the civilization running smoothly. One rule is “If a merchant increases interest beyond that se by the king and collects it, that merchant will lose what was lent”. This rule is to keep greedy people from taking advantages of other people and also it would be fair to the other people that lent money out to people in needs. The rule would keep the civilization running smoothly by keeping it fair for everyone and there won’t be a lot of people that are in debts. Another rule is “If a villain strikes the cheek of a villain, he shall pay ten shekels of silver”. The rule is saying that if a person that committed a crime and has hit another person that also committed a crime, the person that hitting the other person will be charge. It would keep the civilization running because it makes it equal for both of the people. The person that been hit receives silvers for an apology and the other person wouldn’t get hurt. If the civilization have random people wanting to hit a person back because the other person hit them, it wouldn’t be a safe place to be in. || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || -Laws are created a long time ago to keep civilizations running nicely. Now today, the laws still exists, but it a little change. It still keeps every civilizations running and is fairer to everyone. It tells us as historians that something that created in the past, lasts to now today. Also it keeps on improving and continues onto our future. When the technology and intellectual that was develop during the period when Babylonian is still ruling, it continues onto today also. Like the movements of stars/sun, scientist in the modern time, still continues to study about them. || Questions? -What made Hammurabi think of the code/law during the time? -How come all the codes benefit the upper class the most? -How does the Hammurabi’s code look like? -Why aren’t the laws fair to everyone? -Did the laws really work? -How come the code is found on a stone instead of somewhere important like the palace?
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || -A Historian Hammurabi
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - || -Found on a stone slab in Iran.
 * **Prior Knowledge**
 * **Audience**
 * **Reason for Creation**
 * **The Main Idea**
 * **Significance**

//Summary: Neolithic Revolution and Early Civilizations// Neolithic Revolution and Civilization has help led to developments and improvements for the future. The Neolithic Revolution is when new methods of agriculture were being learn by people. Also the revolution has led up to a Bronze Age creating tools that impacted many people. Most civilization depends on the existence of cities by allowing exchanging of ideas among with large amount of people, which later promoted trade and manufacturing. Catal Huyuk became a part of a civilization around the 3000 B.C.E. Later, civilization begin to exists in the Huangehe and Indus River. Ziggurats were form for religions and city states soon came to be power. After when the Sumerians are defeated, Hammurabi took over. He is the king of Babylonians and created the Hammurabi's code. The code was used for creating code of law and rules for courts laws. Therefore, with all the developments and changes here, the world became more modernize.