Byzantine

Byzantines



//Map Of Byzantine// media type="googlemap" key="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&ll=37.0625,-95.677068&spn=48.15347,79.013672&msid=100779062937222027126.00049444d372746ea8a68&output=embed" width="425" height="350" __//**(On the Map Scroll to the Right to see it)**//__ Constantinople's location allow the empire to spread. Since the empire is in the small land that connects the region of Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece, the empire is able to spread both ways at the same time. Also, Constantinople is surrounded by two bodies of water on both side, Black Sea and Aegean Sea, it allow the empire to have an increase in trading on sea with other different countries that is connect with the Black Sea or the Mediterranean Sea. Traveling to places on the bodies of water would help population in the empire increases because it is easier for people to migrate and settle there.

//Notes on the Byzantine Empire// (the format is bad, please view the doc.) **Origins of the Empire:** MI: Constantinople begins to develop a civilization after the start of the Byzantine Empire in the 4th century C.E.

· Byzantine Empire began in the 4th century C.E, when Roman develops the eastern capital (Constantinople). · Emperor Constantine- constructed elegant buildings: o Christian churches were built on foundations of previous Byzantium. · Eastern emperors ruled the city before western empire has fallen in the Germanic invaders. · Eastern Mediterranean had a solid tax base in peasant agriculture. · Constantinople has control of: o Balkan peninsula o Northern Middle East o Mediterranean Coast o North Africa · Languages in Eastern empire: o Latin – court language Ø Lower rank/ uncivilized communications o Greek – common tongue/ official language after emperor Justinian (6th century) Ø Scholars- read freely in ancient Athenian philosophical, literary classics, Hellenistic writings, and scientific treaties. · New administration/ Hellenized Egyptians and Syrians trade from the influence of Roman administration. · Expanding bureaucracy. · Face foreign enemies- West faces the Germanic tribes. MI: Justinian rebuilds and expands the Byzantine Empire, while invaders are trying to take over. · Eastern emperors- rely on local military base and generalship by upper-class Greeks, able to defend against Sassanian Empire in Persia and Germanic invaders. · 533 C.E., Justinian tries to reconquer western territory to restore an empire similar to Rome. · Justinian o Describe by Procopius o Influenced by his wife, Theodora (eager for power) – pushing the plan of expansion. · Justinian ravage riots against high taxes/ systematizing Roman legal code. · He extended Roman architecture/achievement of engineering o Builders created new structures o Church, **Hagia Sophia**, wonders of the Christian world o Able to build support for the dome size · Unified law o Reduced confusion o United/organized empire o State’s bureaucracy o Helped spread Roman legal principles in parts of Europe · **Belisarius** – brilliant general helps recapture the old Roman Empire.
 * Justinian’s Achievements:**

· Justinian’s forces created a temporary capital, Ravenna. o Artistic center o Has the most beautiful Christian mosaics

· Italian/ North African unable to defend the Germanic pressure.

· Persian attacks the northern Middle East, Slavic groups move into Balkans.

· Persian forces were move back, but Middle Eastern territory were some gone.

· Wars- new tax pressures on government

· Justinian died in 565 C.E.

__//**Attachments of Doc:**//__

//MARK UP TEXT OF THE JUSTINIAN CODE 1// **(The part that is highlighted out can be seen in the attachment below)** media type="custom" key="7464681" **//__Attachments of Mark Up:__//** //Summary:// Justinian code of marriage, justice, law of a person, and civil laws were based on honestly, faith, and trust. The civil law in the code was based on Roman intellectual and decision among each other. Also, it is based on two different systems like the government and the interest of individuals. In the civil laws, his code states that marriages are supported to continue on the generation. The government is also govern by the common laws and wars can lead up to natural law for slavery. There are some laws that are written and some not written and customs/cultures are passed down. Slaves were taken as property of another. They don't have much rights as the non-slave people and was either born free or have to set themselves free. Marriage are consider to be very strict under the code. In order to have a marriage, the person needs the permission of their parents. Men/women are not allow to marry anyone that has a related to them already. Also, marriage for brother and sister are forbidden, but only able to marry someone that not related to them. The power of the father is an important thing to have for marriage. The Justinian code has shape the government in various ways. (civil law, natural law, common law.) Doc 2: Of Things Doc 3:
 * physical property most important part of law connected with natural law.
 * natural law- something valuable found can be kept.
 * If things are written on a paper, the writer of it that comes out with the idea owns it.
 * Harvest that in someone tree, then it can be kept in someone else property.
 * religion can not persists be on religion things (divine cannot be subject to the property of anyone)
 * Something that found in someone else property needs to be shared.
 * Obligation tie of law, binds us according to the civil laws
 * Obligation is by word of mouth is contracted by questions and answers.
 * Thought- exchange and sale was two different things.
 * sale is void when a person knows about the purchase- religious place or public place.
 * consist in anything else like slave, land, or toga.
 * contract of salve form when price is agreed upon without being paid, earnest given.

Civil law: a codified set of laws for society to follow by government Common law: law by precedent (created by judges and not written down) Natural law: certain rights that people see that exist naturally. Something that happens in nature.

//ESPIRIT CHART OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE P.198-202// Civilization/Nation/Group: Byzantine Empire (Constantinople) Period: Around 1000 C.E.    · Byzantine territory cut into about half the size of the earlier eastern Roman Empire. · Bulgarian became part of the empire, blending with the Greek families and aristocracy settle in Constantinople. || · Free rural population (serve in the early centuries.) o Provide military recruits o Paying taxes o Force to greater dependence · Women held imperial throne and maintain ceremonial power of office. o Empress Theodora (981-1056) ü Refused to marry imperial heir, but her sister, Zoe married him. ü Rebellion against Theodora and Zoe jointly together as empresses. ü Checked conformity to rule nobles and limits bureaucratic corruptions ü Against personal enemies- criticism · Bureaucrats can be recruited from all social classes. · Peasants o Supply goods and provide bulk of tax revenues. o Food prices kept low due to the large numbers of urban lower classes. o Taxes on the peasants. · Empire run by weak and strong leaders. · Similar to earlier patterns of China o Emperor held to be established by God. ü Head of church and state. ü Passed religious and secular laws. o Eunuchs were close officials close to the emperor. o Provincial governors were appointed from center and responsible for keepings tabs on military authorities. o Elaborate system of Spies- preserve loyalty while intense distrust. o Recruited troops locally and rewarding with grants of land in return after the military service. o Land is not able to be sold, but son has to go back and continue the military responsibility. ü Protected state from recurrently under the attack of Muslims, Persians, Arabs, and Turks, nomadic intruders from central Asia. o In Eastern Church -state control loomed larger. o Michael II, product the system. || · Threat of Arab Muslims in the 7th century (able to withstand) o Mid-7th century- built fleet challenging Byzantine naval and attacking Constantinople. o Took empire’s remaining provinces along eastern seaboard of the Mediterranean and cut to northern Middle Eastern heartland. · Wars with Muslims o New economic burdens to empire. o Invasions and taxations. o Weakening position of small farmers. ü Aristocratic generals gain more power. · 9th century- conquer of island Crete allow the Muslims to harass Byzantine shipping in the Mediterranean. · **Bulgaria** kingdom- press Byzantine territory in the Balkans, but military success and marriage alliances has brought Byzantine into control of the Bulgarian. · 11th century- Byzantine emperor, Basil II (Bulgaroktonos) use empire’s wealth to bribe many Bulgarian nobles and generals. o Defeated Bulgarian army in 1014, 15,000 captive soldiers were blinded and brought Bulgarian king’s death. · Christianity. · Ambitious church patriarch- arose rising many old issues such as what kind of bread should be use for the celebration of Christ’s last supper in church liturgy. · Patriarch attack Roman Catholic practices · Western and Eastern churches have split between each other that reflected the patterns of development. . || · Hellenistic culture. · Traditions of Hellenism- important in education of bureaucrats. · Traditions of eastern (Orthodox, Christianity) · Arab cultural and commercial influence- affected patterns of life. · Art and architecture: o Adaptation of the Roman domed buildings o Mosaics o Tradition of **icon** paintings ü Painting of saints and religious figures. ü Icons’ blue and gold background w/ richly dressed religious figures represents unchanging brilliance of heaven. || · Advancing Roman achievements in engineering, military tactics, laws. · **Greek fire**- napalm, a new weapon that help took back the capital in 717-718 C.E, overwhelming the Arab ships. · Capital city- rich buildings and popular entertainments that welcomes visitors. · Silk production expanded the in the empire o Silkworms and techniques that imported from China. o Various luxury products such as cloth, carpets, and spices were sent north. || //__**ATTACHMENTS OF ESPIRIT CHART**__//
 * E || MI: Byzantine Empire has expanded and lost its territory as different wars occur.
 * S || MI: The Byzantine Empire consists of lower class that shapes the empire.
 * Merchant class gain political power due to elaborate network of the government controls. (Gaining greater voice on the west). ||
 * P || MI: The Byzantine Empire is much similar to China by bureaucracy running the government.
 * Bureaucracy regulating trade and controlling of food prices.
 * Bureaucrats separated in different offices:
 * Military organization: (Slavs, Armenian Christians, outsiders were recruited this way)
 * Emperors loosen state control over the Eastern church to make it conform more fully to their own idea of church
 * Hereditary military leaders- regional power, displacing more traditional and better educated aristocrats.
 * I || MI: Invaders were flooding into the empire, but Byzantine takes its control on Bulgaria.
 * Empire develop trading network with Asia to east, Russia, Scandinavia, to the north.
 * Traded with India, Arabs, east Asia, western Europe, and Africa. ||
 * R || MI: Christianity remain the center religion for the Byzantine Empire.
 * I || MI: Byzantine were based on the traditions of Hellenism and eastern, that bring advantages into the empire.
 * T || MI: The advancing of Technology has cause the Byzantine to develop the Greek fire.

//QUESTION OF THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE// //Read 203 - 209 and answer the following questions.// Cyril and Methodius were missionaries that were sent by the Byzantine government to convert people to Christianity. They fail their mission at first, but they continue onto the Balkans and southern Russia and aided their efforts with their ability to speak the Slavic language. Also, they devised a written script of the language known as the (**Cyrillic** ~ Slavic Alphabet) and willing to have local languages to be used in church services. The Middle East affect the demographics of the East Central borderlands by the conversion of Christianity which stretch Eastern Europe north of Balkans and was organized in series of monarchies, loosely governed amid a powerful, and land-owning aristocracy. Western contains active trade and industry areas with Poland, Bohemia, and Lithuania. Eastern Europe receives many migrants of Jews that were leaving from the Middle East and fleeing intolerance in Western Europe. · Slavs maintain a religion and extended agriculture in rich soils to developed regional kingdoms. · Scandinavian traders begin to work on Slavic lands, moving through Norse traders, they are able to trade with the Arabs~ luxury products travel to north and for return was furs/other crude products. · Scandinavian traders, military superior to Slavs and slowly begin to set up governments along their trade routes. City called **Kiev.** · Under **Rurik**, Monarchy emerged and he was the first prince of Kievan Rus’. · Kiev and Byzantine extended. · Kiev became the trading center. · Prince Vladimir I took the step to converting to Christianity. · Kievan Rus became Christian ~ largest single state in Europe. The important decision that was made by Vladimir I was forcing to convert to Christianity. He organized mass baptisms for his subjects and forcing conversions by military pressures. Also, he helped train literate Russian priesthood and separate **Russian Orthodox** from the control of king. Later he married the sister of the Byzantine emperor. Kievan Rus developed educated clergy, converted to Christianity, ideas of religious officials, state running the courts were created, Hellenistic was brought into Slavic, and formal laws were create. Kievan Rus didn’t have bureaucracy or elaborate educational systems and central ruler that has widespread power. Because of that, power prevented Russian state and church restricting oral traditions, street performances, and other entertainments (pagan). The factors that led to the decline of Kievan Rus were rival princes setting up regional government, invaders from Asia, the Byzantium trade decline reducing Russian trade and wealth, and the royal family fighting over succession. Mongols invasions easily capture most of Russian cities. Russia remains under the control of Tatars.
 * 1) Who were Cyril and Methodius? What did they accomplish?
 * 1) How did events in the Middle East affect the demographics of the East Central borderlands?
 * 1) Outline the development of the Kievan Rus
 * 1) What important decision was made by Vladimir I?
 * 1) What were some of the major similarities and differences between Byzantium and the Kievan Rus?
 * 1) What factors led to the decline of the Kievan Rus?

//SUMMARY:// //Read and summarize the main points of "Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of Boundaries" p.208//

In the East central Europe, political disputes and nationalist were problems that the border territory has. Orthodox and the catholic territories have created a divide in the Eastern and Western Europe. There were many states that existed as borders for the divide. Feudal monarchies begin to move west due to the loosely organized kingdoms. Large aristocracies in Poland and Hungary helped limit some of the states. Trade patterns united Poland and Hungary with Western Europe until the two regions are completely different of each other. Later on Mongolians invaded through Russia conquering Poland and Hungary. One civilization in the Eastern Europe result with many other cultures. //SUMMARY OF THE SPREAD OF EASTERN EUROPE:// In the postclassical period, the Eastern Byzantine was influence by Christianity, trade routes, and military. In 864, Byzantine government sent missionaries, **Cyril** and **Methodius** to Czech and Slovak republics to convert people to Christianity. As a result they fail, but because of their ability to speak the Slavic language, which aided their efforts. Therefore, they transmit a written script of the language called the **Cyrillic**. Local languages were also used in church services. Eastern Europe north of Balkans was stretch to be organized in series of regional monarchies. Kingdoms of Poland, Bohemia, and Lithuania traded with the Western kingdoms and were consider being an active trade area for trade and industry. Around the 12th century, Eastern Europe receives many Jews immigrants due to intolerance in Western Europe. Through the routes of Norse traders, Scandinavian traders were able to reach to the Byzantine Empire. Soon trade was developing between the two. The Scandinavian traders, military superior to the Slavs set up governments along trade rout especially in **Kiev.** About 855 C.E, **Rurik** became the first prince and called Kievan Rus’. Contracts among Kievan Rus’ and Byzantium extended and Kiev became the trading center. As a result many Russian visited the Constantinople. Prince **Vladimir I** ruled from 980-1015 converted to Christianity and forces his people to convert also. He organized mass baptisms of his subjects and force conversion with military pressure. Church leaders came from Byzanium and train the literate Russian priesthood. **Russian Orthodox** develops later on due to the king having power. Kievan Rus’ later became Christian and it was the largest single states in Europe. The last prince of Kievan, **Yaroslav** issued laws, build churches, and arrange the translation of religious literature from Greek to Slavic. Russian Churches were regarded as pagan and religious culture separately from western Europe, Russian social and economic patterns took place. Russian peasants were freely farmers, but their boyars have less political power than their counterparts in Western Europe. Yaroslav has use marriages to create ties among different states. In 12th century, Kievan begin to decline due to rival princes, royal family fighting over throne, invaders, and etc. Trade and wealth of Russia were decline due to Byzantium decline and later Mongols become a part of the invasion, but face the Tatars. At the end of the postclassical era, the eastern Europe has completely fall.

//ATTACHMENT OF ALL THIS BELOW://

//30 WORLD SUMMARY ON CHAPTER// Eastern Europe developed differently than Western Europe has with culture, religion, and trading. The Eastern Europe was influence by Christianity and not as active in trade as the Western side is. Churches and kings in were usually in charge in Eastern Europe.