China+and+Russia

China and Russia

In Depth p.684 "A Century of Revolutions"

What internal and external forces weakened the governments of Mexico and China in the opening decades of the 20th century and unleashed the forces of revolution? What key social groups were behind the revolutions in Mexico, China, and Russia, and why were they so important in each case? What similarities and differences can you identify among these three early revolutions in the 20th century?

The internal and external forces that weakened the governments of Mexico and China in the opening decades of the 20th century and unleashed the forces of revolution is that peasants communes wanted a better life than they have now. Lands were being taken away and while soldiers return from war, they weren't paid as they were promised.

The key social groups that were behind the revolutions in Mexico, China, and Russia are working classes, peasantry, and urban poor. They were important because their influence expanded the competitive capitalist societies creating social welfare programs such as active protest. Also, they made up the majority of the population.

Similarities
 * reduce Western influence
 * involvement of active anti-Western sentiment
 * attacking on Western investments
 * intellectual climate
 * disruptions cause by the spread of Industrial Revolution and global market system ~ rise of revolutionary movements.

Differences
 * central Mexico- handicraft producers thrown out of work and peasants lost land to moneylenders and riots formed
 * unemployed Western-educated African and Asian secondary school/ college graduates ~ struggle for independence gave them dignity and decent jobs
 * Russia and China- Urban laborers focus on working and living conditions of the industrialization, giving more support to revolutionary parties.
 * Peasants were the driving force in Mexico and China


 * Russia**
 * //( key terms- Kerensky, Lenin, Bolsheviks, Stalin, Collectivization, Soviets, Five-year plans, Socialist Realism, Khrushchev, Gorbachev, Glasnost, Perestroika, Yeltsin, Putin//****)**

NOTES: __//Revolution in Russia//__ p681-685 MI: By March 1917, **Alexander Kerensky** led the Russia revolution eager of seeking for parliamentary rule, religious, other freedoms, and legal/political system after the end of imperial ruling. Bolshevik wing of Democratic party led toward Lenin gaining a strong position among urban workers' councils corresponding to his belief.
 * March 1917, strikes and food riots broke out in Russia --> protested on wartime misery, food shortages, conditions of industrialization that set against rural reform and unresponsive political system --> overthrown tsar and ended imperial ruling.
 * 1789, Russia launch revolution similar to French, **Alexander Kerensky** //(Russian revolutionary leaders)// ~ eager to seek parliamentary rule, religious, other freedoms, and host of political and legal changes--> liberalism was not rooted in Russia due to small middle classes.
 * Being part of WWI, liberal leaders wanted to maintain war effort, linking them to democratic France and Britain.
 * Liberal leaders held back from massive land reforms--> second revolution, expelling liberal leadership and brought Bolshevik wing of Social Democratic party renaming the Communist party and Lenin //(their dynamic chief)//.
 * Lenin gain strong position among urban workers' councils, corresponding to his belief that revolution should not be from liberal mass action instead from tightly organized cells whose leaders creates plan for action.
 * Russia sign a peace treaty with Germany giving a huge sections of western Russia in return for an end of hostilities--> Russia was ignored at the Versailles peace conference after the defeat of Germany.
 * Council of People's Commissars was led by Lenin --> Social Revolutionary party~ emphasizing peasant support and rural reform, but was shut down by Lenin and replacing it with Bolshevik dominated Congress of Soviets --> Russia have no Western-style --> Communist party control of government.
 * Lenin redistribute lands to peasants, launch nationalization or state takeover of basic industry.

__//Stabilization of Russia's Communist Regime//__ MI: By the 1900s, the Russian formed the **Red Army** and issue the **New Economic Policy**. Moscow later became the capital and the **Union of Soviet Socialist Republics** were created giving no representation toward Jews. At the same time, the **Supreme Soviet** were mainly control my communist party.
 * Under the leadership of Leon Trotsky -> **Red Army** was formed.
 * 1921, Lenin issue **New Economic Policy** promising freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners --> state continue to set basic economic policies that combined with individual.
 * Moscow and a federal system of socialist republics were set up called the **Union of Soviet Socialist Republics** --> Jews were given no distinct representation.
 * **Supreme Soviet** had control of parliament and was elected by universal suffrage --> Communist party took over.

//__Soviet Experimentation__// MI:Communist party opened up new opportunities leading toward the spread of education. By 1924, after Lenin death, **Joesph Stalin** took power and control over the government creating **Comintern** and **collectivization** programs.
 * Communist party encourage--> youth movements, women's groups, and organizations of workers --> workers are able to influence management practices, women's leaders helped carve legal equality, new educational, and work opportunities.
 * Spread of education that government promoted--> educational system get away from peasant traditions and toward beliefs in Communist political analysis and science --> new information, new modes of inquiry, and new values were encouraged.
 * 1924, the death of Lenin brought **Joesph Stalin** into power and control over other branches of government.
 * revolutionary leaders encouraged communist parties in the West to set up **Comintern**.
 * Stalin attacks peasant land ownership with the **collectivization** program and taking care of industrial development.
 * Bolsheviks use tsarist system to put power on leadership group onto the top and all levels in bureaucracy and army--> tsars and his hated minsters were gone.

//__Stalinism in the Soviet Union__// p698-703 MI:By the 1930s, Stalin tighten the communist system together and make the Soviet Union into a full industrial society.
 * Stalin--> make Soviet Union a fully industrial society
 * 1) under full control of the state rather than private initiative and individual ownership of producing property
 * 2) wanted to modernize
 * 3) willing to borrow Western techniques and advice
 * 4) imported a small number of foreign engineers.

__//Economic Policies//__ MI: Stalin brought the collectivization program into the agriculture, at the same time the **five-year plan** was used to advance the development of industrial in Russia.
 * 1928, collectivize agriculture begin
 * 1) creation of large,state run farms rather than individual holdings as in the West
 * 2) Communist party force peasants to join collectives
 * 3) it offer the chance to mechanize agriculture and farms were able to gain tractors and harvesters.
 * 4) allowed better control over peasants
 * `Peasantry response to collectivization with different voices, some agree and some disagree --> collective farms allowed peasants small plots of their own such as jobs security, propagandizing by communist party members.
 * collective farms allowed to have extra food supplies, free excess workers to become urban labor --> massive unskilled workers into cities.
 * **five-year plan**, a system under state planning commission that set clear priorities for industrial development
 * Soviet Union became the world's third industrial power behind Germany and the United States.

//__Toward an Industrial Society__// MI: In the Soviet Union, the society was mainly satisfied with benefits from Stalin.
 * population increase in cities
 * factory discipline was strict
 * capable workers were rewarded with bonus and public awards toward the society
 * workers had meeting houses and recreational programs such as vacations on the Black Sea and protection in case of illness and old age
 * strikes were outlaw, workers concerns and problems were solved.

__//Totalitarian Rule//__ MI: Stalin begin to take place in the intellectual life of Russia, leading toward the formation of social reformist and politburo.
 * Stalin ~ control of intellectual life --> uplift styles that different from modern art themes of the West.
 * Artists and writers was sent to Siberian prison camp if they don't follow what Stalin wants
 * **Social reformist** emphasize heroic idealizations of workers, soldiers, and peasants
 * Stalin focus on scientific inquiry such as the evolutionary biology ~ scientists were ruined by government persecution.
 * real and imagined that against communism in his version were sent to death~ hundreds of people were force to confess imaginary crimes against the state and others were sent to camps.
 * **Politburo,** party congresses and meeting of the executive committee.

//__Eastern Europe after WWII__// p750-759 //__The Soviet Union as Superpower__// MI: Soviet begin to take power with the advancement of industrialization and by 1949, the development of atomic and hydrogen bombs were found by the Soviets putting them into power of the world.
 * Soviet pushed toward westward and emerged in world power ~ continuing to concentrate on heavy industry weapons and development combine with strategic alliances and linking to communist movements in different parts of the world.
 * Soviet took part going against the Japanese gave them opportunity to seize power on some islands in the northern Pacific
 * Soviet Union created protectorate over communist regime of North Korea to match the U.S protectorate in South Korea
 * Soviet aid communist party in China~ bringing new influence into China
 * Soviet Union allied with Vietnam in 1970s providing naval base for the Soviet fleet
 * 1949 onward, Soviet Unions has the development of atomic and hydrogen bombs
 * missiles and naval forces developed to match the United States ~ Soviet Union became world power.

__//The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe//__ MI: The Soviet Union expanded it's power toward Eastern Europe, leading to the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 creating the separation of non communist.
 * Soviet Union extended to eastern Europe, pushing it toward the West.
 * Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia were seized by German or Italian forces
 * 1945,Soviet army took most of eastern Europe and non communist regimes were forced out by 1948.
 * Soviet attacked possible rivals for power, Roman Catholic church.
 * Education and propaganda were quickly developed
 * collectivization of agriculture ended large estate system without even creating property-owning peasantry
 * Industrialization push through with the five-year plans
 * Soviet and eastern European trading zone became separated from the international commerce.
 * After the NATO was created in western Europe, eastern European nations were put to defense alliance, the Warsaw Pact --> Soviet troops continue to stationed in eastern European states
 * Soviets built the **Berlin Wall** in 1961 to remain it's position in East Germany and had barbed wire fences and armed patrols to keep people in eastern Europe.
 * Poland~ Soviets accepted new leader --> allowed agricultural collectivization creating a widespread peasant ownership, Catholic church as a symbol of Polish independence.
 * Eastern European government were given freer hand in economic policy and were allowed to limit room to experiment with cultural freedom
 * Late 1970s, Poland form a widespread Catholic unrest and an independent labor movement called **Solidarity** to go against the backdrop of stagnant economy and low morale~ people were arrested.
 * Russian were the first foreign language learned
 * Soviet retain military presence deep in Europe-> Eastern European allies aided Soviet ventures in other parts of the world providing supplies and advisory for activities in Africa, Latin America, and somewhere else.

//__Evolution of Domestic Policies__// MI: Due to the fear of outside foreign influences, Soviet Union isolated themselves with the development of strict limits on travels, outside media, and any uncensored glimpse from the outside world.
 * The Soviet Union isolated themselves due to strict limits on travel, outside media, or any uncensored glimpse of the outside world due to the threat.
 * Moscow-based direction of national economy, extension of education, welfare, and police operations expanded bureaucracy in government and communist party.
 * 1940s, recruitment from ranks of peasants and worker families continue
 * educational opportunities such as growing secondary school and university facilities allow talented people rise from below status
 * new candidates for the party were from communist based organizations and nominated by 3 party members.

//__Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions__// MI: In the 1900s, the Soviet developed tensions with the West.
 * Church activities remain under tight government control --> Artistic and literary styles were monitored to ensure adherence to party line, educational system was used to train and recruit technicians and bureaucrats and create a loyal, right-thinking citizenry.
 * Regime did not abolish Orthodox church outright, but limited church's outreached --> not able to give religious instruction to anyone under 18 and limited freedom of religion for Jewish ~ holding up Jews as enemies of the state--> by 1950s only elderly were interested in church.
 * with political loosening and cold war, Soviet and European artists begin to adopt Western styles such as music.
 * Writers and creative Soviet artists were depended on leadership mood on their writings and artwork
 * **Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn** - went to United States after his published on the Siberian prison camps, //The Gulag Archipelago,// found the west to be more better and continue to seek of communist policy and westernization.
 * Soviet culture continue to put great emphasis on science and social science-> Soviet scientist generated a number of discoveries ion physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
 * Soviets developed many art forms that are in common with the West, like the ballet.

//__Economy and Society__// MI: By the 1920s and onward, Soviet forms their own government with communist beliefs, but were not able to resolve much of the problems. Women begin to take role in the society with very low status.
 * rapid growth of manufacturing and rise of urban populations to more than 50% due to the development of industrial society.
 * State was in control of all economic sectors
 * consumer-goods were poorly funded and didn't achieve any technological level advancement
 * living standards improved and extensive welfare services gave security for groups that don't support the West.
 * drive to produce at all costs created bleak zones around factories and wastes were dumped in agricultural and mining areas --> health damages of people in affected areas.
 * agriculture were not able to be resolved by the Soviets.
 * Soviet and East Germany developed athletic programs under state sponsorship winning international competitions and view sports as a political program.
 * diving urban society along class lines between workers, better educated, managerial middle class-> wealth divisions remained much less great in West--> Communist party members set off from standard of living of the masses.
 * birth rate dropped in Russia
 * Women suffer from jobs and little help from husband--> really low status.

__//De- Stalinization//__ MI: After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev took control for an extension of state-directed initiative, but fail to do so. By the mid-1950s, Soviet maintain a high level of preparedness.
 * after Stalin's death, force labor camps were put to a test.
 * 1956, **Nikita Khrushchev** gain primary power--> attack Stalinism for its concentration of power and dictatorship--> plan for extension of state-directed initiative by opening new Siberian land to cultivation, but failed due to costly effort --> downfall.
 * de-Stabilization furor and Khrushchev fall to power--> Soviet Union remained stable.
 * Soviets installed missiles into Cuba to threaten the U.S. --> Khrushchev doesn't want war, but just want to beat the West economically and actively expanding the Soviet space program; //Sputnik//
 * Soviet wants to maintain its superpower and be more powerful than the U.S.
 * mid-1950s and onward, Soviet Union experienced a growing rift with China and a close diplomatic friend with Egypt.
 * Rise of Muslim awareness in 1970s --> troubled Soviet with its large Muslim minority
 * Soviet wants to maintain high level of preparedness
 * High rates of alcoholism --> increase of death rates especially on adult males
 * youth became impatient and is eager to have greater access to Western culture such as rock music and blue jeans.
 * U.S Central Intelligence Agency failed to see major problems and economic conditions.
 * Observers thought that Soviet Union remained thanks to careful police control, vigorous propaganda, and real, popular pride in Soviet achievements.

//__Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s__// p841-847 MI: In the 1980s and 1990s, lands were endangered with industrial productions creating diseases and issues into the economy.
 * half of all agricultural land was endangered by the 1980s~ more than 20% citizens lived in regions of diseases
 * industrial production dropped due to central planning, health programs, and poor worker morale
 * Economic growth stopped --> military production rely on toward a third of all national income--> reduce funds available for other investments or consumer needs.

__//The Age of Reform//__ MI: By 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev open up Soviet from isolation, proclaiming glasnost, and brought perestroika into the economy.
 * 1985, **Mikhail Gorbachev**
 * 1) renewed earlier attacks on Stalinist and replaced some of old-line party of bureaucrats
 * 2) convey more Western style of dressing in fashionable clothes, holding relatively open press conferences, allowing Soviet media to engage in active debate and report problems as well as success.
 * 3) urged reduction in nuclear armament
 * 4) altered the Soviet Union's cold war stance
 * 5) 1987, made an agreement with United States that limited medium-range missiles in Europe
 * 6) ended the war in Afghanistan bring Soviet troops home
 * 7) **glasnost** (openness) brought new freedom to comment and criticize
 * 8) reduce in bureaucratic inefficiency and unproductive labor in Soviet economy --> encourage more decentralized decision making/use of market incentives.
 * 9) reduce Soviet isolation while continuing to criticize aspects of Western political and social structures.
 * 10) hope to use Western management techniques and open to certain western cultural styles without getting rid of basic control of communist state
 * 11) open Soviet Union to be part in the world economy and recognize that isolation in separate empire can prevent access to new technology and limited changes
 * 12) McDonald's were opened up in Moscow
 * **perestroika** ~ economic restructuring -> private ownership and decentralized control of industry and agriculture.
 * Foreign investments were encouraged
 * Gorbachev wanted reductions in Soviet military commitments especially through agreements with United States on troops reductions/limitations on nuclear weapons.
 * 1990, Gorbachev was elected to presidency of Soviet Union.
 * nationalities was in Soviet Union 1988 and so on--> Muslims, Armenian Christians rioted in the south and went against central state
 * Gorbachev wanted women to go back to housework and childrearing

//__Dismantling the Soviet Empire__// MI: By the late 1900s, nations begin to abandon non communist government, while nationalist became most of the acceptance.
 * Bulgaria moved for economic liberalization in 1987, but was stopped by Soviets and was pressure to be resumed in 1980 as party leader therefore free elections was arranged.
 * Hungary changed leadership in 1988 and installed non communist president --> Communist party rename themselves as Socialist
 * Poland install non communist government in 1988 --> prices increase as government subsidies were withdrawn
 * Solidarity movement became dominant political force
 * East Germany displaced communist government in 1989, getting rid of leaders and moving toward unification with West Germany
 * Berlin Wall was gone and 1990~ non communist won a free election
 * Czechoslovakia installed new government in 1989~ introduce free elections and more market economy
 * Minority of nationality areas such as Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina proclaimed independence.
 * eastern European states suffer from sluggish production, massive pollution, and economic problems that might lead to new political discontent.
 * state controls and protection abruptly withdrawn in 1991 -->tensions --> market economy in Poland brought rising jobless people and prices increasing.

//__Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s__// MI:By the 1990s, Boris Yeltsin took power as a republic leader announcing the end of the Soviet Union, but as his health worsen, Vladimir Putin took his place cleaning up the corruption and created more an effective government controls over provinces.
 * Gorbachev presidency and democratic decentralization were threatened.
 * republics ~ Russian republic became strong --> gain independence--> Gorbachev struggled to win agreement on economic union and other coordination.
 * **Boris Yeltsin** and other republic leaders 1991, announce the end of Soviet Union and Yeltsin taken Gorbachev leadership power.
 * Russia remain has the largest nuclear control
 * 1990s, Boris Yeltsin had bad performance and health worsened
 * Muslim and Chechnya civil war broke out --> terrorist acts by rebels and brutal military
 * 1999, new president, Vladimir Putin --> clean up corruption and install more effective government controls over provinces
 * Putin declare commitment toward democracy and sponsor attack toward television stations and newspapers
 * Putin tightened hold on media and state attacking independent business leaders & resist appeals to compromise on Chechnya revolt.

Joseph Stalin || 1879-1953 || Title: dictator || Russia || Years in Power 1928-1953 ||
 * Name of Leader:
 * Lifespan
 * Country/region:
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * invasion of Poland, Bukovina, Finland, and Baltic
 * Rejoined Allies after the violation of 1941 from German ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * created totalitarian state
 * Russian leader ~ communist party
 * practical experience consider him to be useful in Lenin's Bolshevik party ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * five-year plans for the industrialization of Russia
 * launch economic reprogramming to take care of disrupted food production and jobless people.
 * government took task of financing large-scale industrialization to provide jobs and improvement of manufacturing processes.
 * collectivization of agriculture dealing with shortage of food ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * industrialized to the point that the Soviet are able to resist from the German
 * Stalin/his policies are able to give credit for contended. || Long-Term Effects

Thesis statement From 1914 to the present, Russian political structure remain itself under the rule of communist rulers and status of women remain the same while corruptions in the government brought many issues In Russian Society during 1914 to the present, remain as a superpower toward the world, while dictatorship and totalitarian became weaker.
 * Communist International Movement making sure parties remain pro-Stalin
 * depends on increase power of secret police and intelligence networks ||
 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present
 * Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present

//**(May Fourth Movement, Li DaZhao, Mao Zedong, Chiang Kai-Shek, Long March, People’s Republic of China, Mass Line approach, Great Leap Forward, Jiang Qing, Cultural Revolution, Gang of Four.** )//
 * China**

__//Toward Revolution in China//__ 685-689 MI: After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Yuan Shikai seized Manchu throne forming a new dynasty.
 * Fall of Qing--> extended struggle over leader or movement that are able to capture mandate to rule the ancient society.
 * Contenders including regional warlords; lose alliance of students, middle-class politicians and secret societies are attracted toward Western model.
 * warlords combined in cliques or alliances to protect their own territories and crush neighbors --> **Yuan Shikai** was the most powerful of the cliques who seize Manchu throne and form a new dynasty.

//__ China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative __// MI:As China was trying to become a single government, the May Fourth movement was developed to aim for the transfer of China into liberal democracy, at the same time Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong studies the Marxist ideology.
 * Sun Yat-sen, head of Revolutionary Alliances--> claimed that he has the right to rule China.
 * Revolutionary Alliance had little power and no support from outside urban trading centers of coastal areas in central and south of China
 * 1912, Yuan Shikai has the best chance of unifying China under one single government --> took foreign loans to build up his military forces and buy out most of bureaucrats in Beijing.
 * Sun went against Shikai ~ becoming the ruler of China
 * 1915, Japanese presented Yuan's government with the Twenty One Demands, if accepted it will reduce China to the status of dependent protectorate~ Japanese won Yuan's rival widespread support, 1916 Yuan was force to resign presidency.
 * Japan hold on northern China by winning control of former German at the Versailles in 1919~ but also Chinese allied themselves with Entente powers during the war --> betrayal by Entente power --> students and nationalist politicians organized mass demonstrations in numerous Chinese cities in May 4,1919 ~ protest against Japanese inroads.
 * intellectuals and students played a leading role of the **May Fourth movement** that aimed to transfer China into a liberal democracy.
 * May Fourth movement was adopted by urban youth of China
 * 1920s, rise of communist left within Chinese nationalist movement
 * Study of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Trotsky in the wake of Russian Revolution impress Chinese intellectuals with necessity for major alterations in Marxist ideology
 * **Li Dazhao** called for reworking of Marxist ideology and agree that China should reunite and go against foreigners.
 * **Mao Zedong** joined Li's study --> angered by China's betrayal by imperialist powers
 * Zedong and Dazhao long for return to political system such as Confucian and believed in authoritarian state

//__The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang__// MI: Nationalist party was formed by Sun Yat-sen and warlords were not welcome by several groups.
 * **Guomindang**, Nationalist party that prove communists' great rival of ruling China--> Sun and his followers attempts to unify diverse political organization struggling for political influence in China ~ reorganizing revolutionary movement and naming it the Nationalist party of China.
 * Sun allied with Communist, Chinese and Russian, and receive aid with the attempt of gaining support of peasants and urban workers.
 * crisis and diseases were ignored by the government
 * In order to have social reforms, Nationalist stress the need of strong government to prevent foreign intruders.
 * **Whampoa Military Academy** was formed in 1924, which gave Nationalists a critical military dimension to political maneuvering
 * **Chiang Kai-shek**, military commander, son of a salt merchant has connection with powerful figures in military training.
 * famine, diseases, and irrigation system was consider to be a issue
 * lip services was given to nationalist party's to resolve peasant problems.
 * conflicts were among peasantry and landowners

__//Mao and the Peasant Option//__ MI: After the death of Sun in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek took power with the approval of Western at the same time Mao led the Long March.
 * 1925, death of Sun --> Chiang Kai-shek took over with the approval of Western and he turn against communists
 * Mao led the **Long March** and regrouped
 * Japan was a threat, therefore Nationalist under Chiang has to allied with communists to fight of invaders.
 * Mao’s leadership à Chinese communism & Japanese invaders in 1930s.
 * Mao spearhead a Long March of 90000 followers ~1934 across thousand of miles to shape communist control.

__//Mao’s China and Beyond//__ 823-830

MI:As Chiang Kai-shek takes his success, the Japanese intruded with their invasion, not so long after the creation of People's Republic of China in Beijing was established.


 * allied with the Communists and had next 7 year war against the Japanese
 * war strengthened the Communists at the expense of the Guomindang.
 * Communists went against guerrilla campaigns and spread control toward north of China.
 * Intellectuals and students changed their allegiance à Communists.
 * 1945, the balance of power favorite toward Mao, and in the renewed civil war after the defeat of Japan, the Communists =winner in 1949.
 * Mao triumphed à Communist policies gain support from peasantry and other groups. à Land reform, education, and improved health care gave them good reason to support Mao.
 * Li Biao was trained @ Chiang’s Whampoa Academy in 1920s à proved a conventional warfare.
 * The Communists =victory because of the offering of a solution toward China's fundamental social and economic problems.
 * By 1945 Chiang went to island Taiwan~ Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in Beijing.
 * Communist struggle for control had left the party with a strong political and military organization à party cadres & People’s liberation Army.
 * The Chinese military and technological was advance with the defeating of India ~ brief of far exploding nuclear device developed.

**The Communists Come to Power** MI: Strong political and military was formed with the helped of Mass line.


 * Secessionist movements in Inner Mongolia and Tibet were suppressed in the 1950s
 * China intervened in the Korean War and preserved the division of that country.
 * threatened to invade the Guomindang refuge
 * Early 1960s, China defeated India in a brief border war and exploded a nuclear device.
 * Mao went against elitism that was associated with the Confucian system.
 * Mao pushed Mass line approach with formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955.
 * peasants enjoyed their owning hold for less than three years
 * 1957 Mao struck at the intellectual through what may have been a miscalculation.
 * Stopping the critics into the open shocked by response prison sentence & banishment of hard labor in collectives.

**Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice** MI: Government creates reform, but wasn't that successful.


 * Landlords = lands redistributed.
 * Industrialization à a first five-year plan in 1953 à drawing resources from the countryside for its support.
 * Lenin’s idea of a revolution à clung to his faith in peasants as the force of the revolution.
 * Mass Line approach began in 1955 with the formation of agricultural cooperatives
 * 1956 it became farming collectives gave the bulk of Chinese production.
 * 1957 intellectuals were purged after being asked their opinion of government policies.
 * Outside threats toward China created by the U.S intervention in Korea à continuing Mao to have changes.

**The Great Leap Backward** MI:.As the Great Leap Forward was established in 1958, opposition within the party and army was given by political.


 * Small-scale industrialization goal is creating self-reliant peasant communes, but instead it became a disaster
 * Peasants = against collectivization.
 * Communist experienced famine, the crisis of growing population and a state rejection of family planning.
 * government à introduce birth control programs & able to slow down population increase.
 * 1960 the Great Leap ended à Mao lost his position as State Chairman yet continue as Central Committee.
 * Pragmatists à Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqui, and Deng Xiaoping à pushed policies to restored state direction and local level market incentives.
 * Great leap Forward 1958 ~by political opposition within party and army.
 * environmental overcrowding effect population and birth rates.
 * Mao lost his position as state central Committee of pragmatists
 * Zhou Enlai along with Liu Shaoqui and Deng Xiaoping =power to restore state direction.

**“Women Hold Up Half of the Heavens.”** MI: As women gain more opportunities, men wanted women to stay as housewives.


 * worked different occupations in Communist ranks.
 * revolution triumphed=women received legal equality.
 * gained some freedom à selecting marriage partners & expected to work outside of the home.
 * Educational and professional opportunities =improved
 * women had to labor both in and out the household
 * Males continued to dominate upper-party levels.
 * Transitional attitudes toward childrearing and home care= required for women
 * Women held cadre posts at the middle & lower levels of the party also bureaucracies.
 * nationalist campaigns to restore Chinese women to their traditional domestic roles, dependence on men ,employment of women advance.
 * Women’s rights efforts =stop of foot binding.
 * legal rights and open educational career open up opportunities for women.

**Mao’s Last Campaign and the fall of the Gang of Four** MI: Pragmatist has opened up China with Western influences and capitalist developments.


 * Zhou Enlai à seclusion
 * Liu Shaoqui killed
 * Deng Xiaoping imprisoned.
 * destruction of centralized state and technocratic elites endangered revolutionary stability.
 * Mao terminated à campaign in 1968 when military brought the Red Guard back into line.
 * The struggle of Mao à with Deng slowly pushing back the Gang of Four led by Jiang Qing.
 * deaths of Zhou Enlai and Mao in 1976 cleared the way for an open succession struggle.
 * pragmatists =won the Gang of Four was imprisoned for life
 * pragmatists opened China to Western influences ,capitalist development~ not to political reform.
 * Communists à power in 1949 managed a truly revolutionary redistribution of China’s wealth.
 * mass of people have much better standards of living than under previous regimes

Mao Zedong Leader Analysis Mao Zedong || 1893-1976 || Title:Communist || China || Years in Power 1934-1976 ||
 * Name of Leader:
 * Lifespan
 * Country/region:
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * communes running own collective farms and factories
 * family have share profits and a small portion of land
 * 3 years flood and bad harvest damaged production levels
 * 1962, program came to an end ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * became a Marxist
 * served in revolutionary army, 1911(Chinese Revolution)
 * admire work of Marxist nationalist organization
 * count on himself (by himself always) ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * built Red Army by establishing rural soviets
 * 1931, elected as chairman and created Soviet Republic of China basing on Jiangxi province
 * accused Soviet leaders of betraying Marxism
 * leading the Red Army into the Long March in 1934-1935 ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * 1950, the introduction of land reforms
 * 1953 the first five year plan
 * Great Leap Forward was introduced || Long-Term Effects

Thesis statement From 1914 to the present, the Chinese politics remain as communist, while military and government develop itself. In the Chinese Society from 1914 to the present, women gain more opportunity and rights as time progress.
 * Mao independent of Russia and criticized Khrushchev ruled when he became the leader. ||
 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present
 * Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present

//Democratic Protest and Repression in China// 848-849 MI: Chinese troops and protestors had marched down to a fight for a better government system on June 4, 1989.
 * Established by Li Peng
 * About Communist and tradition concerning about politics
 * getting support mobilized to maintain stability and unity
 * ways to stop students hunger strikes
 * violent actions taken place
 * police to help out masses
 * will have an outcome of militaristic action and imprisonment people

Questions: Li Peng objects to the protest movement because of all the disruption that they are creating and how the government wants to maintain a nice government.

He tries to persuade ordinary Chinese that protest should cease by trying to send the message out that the government is doing the best they could to fix things.

The arguments resemble those many governments use against protest are to go back against them and give out punishment for what they have done wrong.

The argument reflect more on Chinese traditions because the protestant is doing something else that harming the government while they could just wait till the thing is fix. Usually in the traditions, the Chinese think of ways to fix things themselves because they think they could do anything, meaning they could break the law too.

The Chinese decide to repress political democracy because the communist has taken over them too much that they want a government that has the most power in the society.

OUTLINE Thesis Statement: In the 20th Century, Political developments in Chinese and Russian government were both under the control of communist influences and seeking of the development of a stronger government, while China governments needs to be more reunited and Russia is more stabilized.
 * 9. Essay 1: Compare 20th Century political developments in China and Russia.**

Topic Sentence #1: China government needs to be reunited, while Russia are stabilized. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison -Li Dazhao was reworking of the Marxist ideology and he agree that China should reunited to go against other foreigners that have been wanting to invade them for so long. If China don't reunite and fight back, China itself might be taken over by some other nations. -Russia is a more stabilized because they have the power to seek out to eastern Europe and expand their power from there and soon later toward the West also.
 * Yuan Shikai and Sun Yat-sen were against each other to become the ruler of China to reunite China into a one-single government.
 * under the leadership of Leon Trotsky, the Red Army was form to
 * Li Dazhao called for reworking of Marxist ideology and agree that China should reunite and go against foreigners.
 * Russia seeks out eastern Europe for the extension of power.

Topic Sentence #2: China and Russia government is both under the control of communist influence. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
 * China was force to accept communist
 * Russia leaders were all beliefs of communism in the first place.

Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
 * Japan was a threat, therefore Nationalist under Chiang has to allied with communists to fight of invaders.
 * Russia leaders wanted to keep communism therefore, they set Russia into an isolation.

Analysis of Direct Comparison -China was not able to fight against invaders therefore, they need to seek help from the communists to fight of the Japanese. Due to weak military and government they are force to accept communism. -Russia leaders were already believe in communism, therefore they don't want other countries influencing Russia such as the United States. So they became isolated from the other parts of the world.

Topic Sentence #3:China and Russia are in seek of developing a stronger government. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
 * China consider to have a weak government in the first place
 * Russia wants to have a strong government, so they won't receive threat from outside foreigners.

Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
 * China rebuilds itself with the joining of communist and keep itself from invaders.
 * Russia builds itself with nuclear weapons, therefore they are the most superior.

Analysis of Direct Comparison -China keeps itself from other invaders invading their government and at the same time communist takes over there government, but they don't want that therefore, they try to revolt them out, so they could have a stronger government because the government would actually be the one that decides on most of the things instead of communist. --Russia builds it's government stronger by developing fear from other countries. If other countries fear of them due to nuclear weapon, they will be afraid even mess with the Russian.


 * 10. Essay 2: Compare and Contrast 20th Social developments in China and Russia. Be sure to discuss the changing roles of women**

Thesis Statement: In the 20th Social developments in China and Russia, women were gaining more opportunities, but they still remain lowered status. At the same time men in China expected women to go back to the tradition way of things, while men in Russia just goes along with what the changes are.

Topic Sentence #1:Women gaining more opportunities in both China and Russia. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
 * women to become part of the society and have a say

Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
 * Women were able to take part of revolutions in China and Russia

Analysis of Direct Comparison -In both Russia and China, some women lead revolutions or maybe part of it to revolt against what they believe in. Therefore, there are more opportunities given to them because before they weren't even allowed to leave the house.

Topic Sentence #2: Men has a higher status than women in China and Russia. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
 * Women achieve unfair payments and jobs than men

Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
 * women are being paid lower than men in jobs and they have to work harder.

Analysis of Direct Comparison -Women are being paid lower than men in jobs with harsher jobs, therefore the status of men are higher because they are being in a higher level in society because they are being paid more.

Topic Sentence #3: In China, women were expected to go back to tradition way, while Russian women continue to reach for changes. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis
 * men views women to stay in their house and being what a housewives does in China
 * Russia men don't have much to say about women as long as they are out of their way.

Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence
 * men in China wants women to go back to the traditional ways of things and do what a women suppose to do
 * Russia men doesn't really care what Russian women does, so they are able to reach for more changes in rights.

Analysis of Direct Comparison -China men wanted women to be back being a housewives and do what women suppose to do, therefore, women are not very welcome in the China society because they are expected to go back to the traditional ways of things. - Russia men doesn't really care for what the women does as long as they don't get in the ways of their jobs or what they are doing, therefore more changes and rights are able to be reach for women in the society of the Russian.