Classical+Mediterranean

Classical Mediterranean "Rome & Greece"

//APPARTS CHART ON THUCYDIDES ON ATHENS//


 * __Primary Source Analysis__**

__Document: Thucydides on Athens (5th C. BCE)__ What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || * Athens is in war with Sparta Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || * People in Athens/Soldiers What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || * The purpose is to get people in Athens to join the military for war against Sparta. Pericles says that, “If we turn to our military policy, there also we differ from our antagonists. We throw open our city to the world, and never pass laws to exclude foreigners from any opportunity of learning or observing, although the eyes of the enemy may occasionally profit from our liberality. . . . In education, where our rivals from their very cradles seek after manliness through a very painful discipline, at Athens we live as we please, and yet are just as ready to encounter every legitimate danger..”. He is saying that if other enemies taken over, they won’t be able to regulate their own government and the city is open up to anyone that is able to take over. Pericles is trying to persuasive the Athens by saying how horrible it’s going to be if they don’t join and help the military. - honor of the soldiers || Support with quotes || * People were being persuasive to help Athens to go against with Sparta with the honoring and rewarding of the soldiers that has been killed. success of the city -Pericles has said that, “…those who are here interred have received part of their honors already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: thus the state offers a valuable prize as the garland of victory in this race of valor, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors. And where the rewards for merit are greatest, there the best citizens are found.” The quote says that if you fight for Athens, the soldiers will be honored. Also their children will be rise till they fully grown and prizes will be given out to their families. Whoever joins the military will be rewarded as it said. || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || * The same idea existed today; people join the military for honors and to fight for their own country. (heroism) -There are still some people that are afraid of dying and not welling to go help their country. They won’t care if they are honor or not, as long as they are still living. state and people depend on each other à People are usually caring for themselves and that how societies are. When something horrible happens to one person, the other person would just watch what going on. Questions? -Did the Athens become a success of getting more soldiers to fight? -Was Sparta similar to what the Athens has done? -What happen during the war? What big events happen? -Was Pericles a good ruler? Strict laws? -Were most of the soldiers made up of lower classes?
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || * Pericles has created this speech.
 * Athenian leader, well-respected young noble, governs Athenian with politics/ society (460s-420s B.C.E.), gave speech to honor soldiers who died in war with Sparta, serve as a general in the Peloponnesian War.
 * Being a part of Athens, make them side with themselves ﻿ leader of the war ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - || * During the Peloponnesian War
 * In the winter of 431- 430 B.C.E . ﻿at a funeral
 * In Athens ||
 * **Prior Knowledge**
 * Athenian leader, Pericles
 * Politics and society (460s-420s B.C.E.) occupy Athens~ democracy
 * Poor citizens were able to participate
 * Pericles -> general of the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens ﻿ Thucydides~ second general ||
 * **Audience**
 * The audience receives this as a persuasive speech to honor the soldiers who has been killed at war. Pericles says that“…Take these as your model, and recog ﻿ nize that happiness comes from freedom and freedom comes from courage; never decline the dangers of war. For it is not the miserable who have the most reason to risk their lives; they have nothing to hope for; instead, it is they to whom continued life may bring reverses as yet unknown…”, Pericles is explaining how the soldiers bring happiness and freedom to everyone by the courage that they have. They all risk their lives to fight for everyone in Athens, so everyone should consider them to be a model. Pericles is trying to persuasive the people of Athens to honor the soldiers and make them as their model for fighting for Athens. ﻿people in the funeral, care for soldiers ||
 * **Reason for Creation**
 * **The Main Idea**
 * **Significance**
 * It tells us as historians that people are welling to fight and lose their lives for their own country. ||

//APPARTS CHART ON PLUTARCH ON LIFE IN SPARTA//


 * __Primary Source Analysis__**

__Document: Plutarch on Life in Sparta (1st c. BCE)__ What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || * Spartans begin to spread~ conquering surrounding places divide in city-state || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || * The Spartans, historians “…a very bold political measure of Lycurgus, was his redistribution of the land. For there was a dreadful inequality in this regard, the city was heavily burdened with indigent and helpless people, and wealth was wholly concentrated in the hands of a few. Determined, therefore, to banish insolence and envy and crime and luxury, and those yet more deep-seated and afflictive diseases of the state, poverty and wealth, he persuaded his fellow-citizens to make one parcel of all their territory and divide it up anew, and to live with one another on a basis of entire uniformity and equality in the means of subsistence, seeking preeminence through virtue alone, assured that there was no other difference or inequality between man and man than that which was established by blame for base actions and praise for good ones.” || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || * The purpose of the document is to let historians know what has Lycurgus has created as a “lawgiver” in Sparta. “N ext, he undertook to divide up their movable property also, in order that every vestige of unevenness and inequality might be removed....In the first place, he withdrew all gold and silver money from currency, and ordained the use of iron money only.” || Support with quotes || * Lycurgus forms Sparta government with his laws. “ . . . he did not permit them to live abroad at their pleasure and wander in strange lands, assuming foreign habits and imitating the lives of peoples who were without training and lived under different forms of government. Nay more, he actually drove away from the city the multitudes which streamed in there for no useful purpose, not because he feared they might become imitators of his form of government and learn useful lessons in virtue…” || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || * The governments that exist today are all depended on laws and without laws everything would be a mess. It could tell us as historians that with rules, the government develop more smoothly than a government without any. || Questions? -How come Sparta is able to take over a lot of other places when their government is not strong? -Was most places around Sparta were Tyranny or democracy? According to the documents identify the similarities(differences) between the Greek city states of Athens and Sparta. Athens and Sparta are both govern by city-state, but they contain different values of each other. Athens and Sparta are both govern by leaders that take charge. Athens has Pericles as a leader and Sparta has Plutarch. Laws were sent upon both of the city states and has to deal with challenges among them. The two has their own style of ruling and can form different types of government.Athens wants more control of different lands, while Sparta provides a army and assistance in case of something happening. Therefore male boys in Sparta were train at a young age. Athens are more honorable to their soldiers than Sparta is.
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || * Plutarch created this.
 * Greek historian, born near Corinth in Greece around 45 C.E., traveler throughout eastern Mediterranean, prolific writer, and writing survive.
 * Born in Greece, the things he says might be from what he thinks and point of view of things. ﻿ ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - || * 800-600B.C.E
 * In Sparta ﻿Greece in Corinth in 45 CE ||
 * **Prior Knowledge**
 * Force people into serf-like position
 * Rule a large population~ challenges to the Spartan government
 * Lycurgus created military state in Sparta
 * Government could go going toward tyranny or democracy
 * Sparta -> Athens rival in Greece in the 5th century B.C.E/after
 * **Audience**
 * The audiences receive this as informational of what Lycurgus has done.
 * **Reason for Creation**
 * **The Main Idea**
 * **Significance**

//ESPIRIT CHART ~ ROME//

Rome~ focus on trading, commercial farming and slave labor || -Families to many kids -> kills the female -husband judge of the wives -women lose 1/3 of property -> divorce -Landlords gain advantages over independent farmers in order to enter market production~ much larger scale -influence/power within household -military expansion -perform household tasks (tutoring) -work in mines, like iron -agricultural work -paid laborers -tenant farmers Slavery necessary, women upper class~ more power || -farmers became dependent on protection of landlords -farmers no longer could vote anymore -take charge of social relationships -everyone to be at a common legal principle -Restricted by power of emperor and officials -Senate important è Crisis choose dictator -Give right to citizenship for foreigners || -Christian become the major world religion~ Roman empire by Constantine -Polytheistic b/c characteristic of Greek -regular celebration to gods~ important role of harvest || -athletic performance || -good roads -swift movements -more urban ||
 * E || MI: Agriculture, trade, and slavery were focus of economy in Rome.
 * Farmers ~ bankrupt -> switching production of grain to olive/wine relied on production
 * Free farmers population-> own lands-> city states
 * Economy based on agriculture, trade, and slavery
 * Increase of commercial agriculture-> establishment of empire
 * Rome-> push south~ occupy Sicilian grain fields & north Africa as a store house
 * Mediterranean society-> not capitalist yet (moneymaking)
 * S || MI: Tight family structures, traditional controls, and status were the center of Rome social.
 * Tight family structures/ traditional controls (men in charge)
 * Women were low status
 * Landlords -> force free farmers to become tenants, laborers, and lower classes.
 * Women were active in businesses/ control of portion
 * Merchants= higher status in Rome~ most honorable social class
 * Higher class women
 * Slaves
 * P || MI: Roman was control by laws, officials, and religions.
 * Roman republic declined
 * Senate most important legislative ~ made up of aristocrats
 * Two consuls~ shared primary executive offices
 * Twelve Tables (450 B.C.E) ~ first law code
 * Government support official religion ~ supporting public ceremonies honoring gods/goddesses
 * Attack toward Christianity~ Christian refuse to place state first
 * I || MI: Higher class and trading has taken place in Rome.
 * Merchants consider to be more higher class
 * Control grain trade that promoted public works/storage/regulating supplies
 * Trading with China and India ||
 * R || MI: Religion, beliefs, and culture have created developments in Rome.
 * Greco-Roman religion~ believe in spirits of nature and gods/goddesses controlling human lives
 * Christianity influence culture, but wasn’t a major culture
 * Gods~ reveal humankind on Earth
 * I || MI: Different ideas were brought into Rome, leading to different beliefs.
 * Aristotle and Cicero-> importance of moderation/balance in human behavior as opposed to instability
 * Stoics~ inner moral independence
 * Created tradition form of textbooks-> upper-class schoolchildren
 * T || MI: Rome was considered to be more agriculture, engineering, and manufacturing to form different developments.
 * Rome -> no interested in technological, more agriculture and manufacturing
 * Roman develop skill in engineering

//KEY TERMS//

· Establish~ cultural and achievements within it || · New religion~ Artistic style · Language/culture survive in northeastern of Middle East ~ affecting developments, somewhere else in the region || · Sparta/ Athens = two leading city-states -Sparta~ representing strong military aristocracy dominating slave population -Athens~ more diverse commercial state *extensive use of slaves*~ proud of their intellectual leadership/ artistic || · Dominated Athenian politics (citizen are allow to participate in city-states assemblies to pick official/passes laws  · Was an aristocrat   · Ruled by wise influence/ negotiation (not through official position)   · Helped restrain~ more aggressive views of Athenian democrats that urge for further empire expansion to gain more wealth/ build economy   · Can not prevent war between Athens/ Sparta ||  è View for control of Greece (431-404 B.C.E)   · Bitter/ Long war ~ ambitious kings from Macedonia begin to conquer cities ||  · Alexander the Great (his son) extended Macedonian empire -> Middle East, across Persia to border of India, southward through Egypt   è Empire short-lived ~ creator died @ age of 33 ||  · Trade/important scientific centers created in Alexandria, Egypt   · Saw the combination of Greek civilization ||  · Conquer Greek colonies in the south   · Gaining strong military protection from nearest rival || · Three wars~ from 264 -146 B.C.E.  · Roman fought against Phoenician city of Carthage (located northern coast of Africa   · Bloody defeat~ invading forces of brilliant Carthaginian forces, general-> Hannibal having his troops accompanied with other troops with elephants   · Defeat of Carthage~ Roman seize entire western Mediterranean with Greece/ Egypt ||  · In 45 B.C.E, effective end of traditional institutions of Roman State   · Augustus Caesar~ Caesar’s grand nephew~ seized power in 27 B.C.E after Julius assassination   è Establish basic structure of the Roman Empire   · 200 years~ peaceful/prosperous period for the whole Mediterranean world ||  · 303 B.C.E~ Constantine adopted Christianity~ reuniting empire   · Invasion of Nomadic people~ North-> end of classical period in Mediterranean civilization ||  · Suggest intense political interests ~part of life in city state in both Greece/ Rome || · 5th century, Athens~ major decision of state were made by general assemblies which all citizens were able to participate · Assembly meet every ten days · Executive officers/judges choose for a brief terms to control power · Women~ no rights of political participation || è Made up of aristocrats ( members of all executive offices in the Roman state) · Consuls~ two of them~ share executive power è Senate able to elect dictator to hold emergency authority until crisis is over || Opposed to instability of political life/ excesses of gods · Issue Greek and Roman moral philosophy || · Ethical systems · Establish largely apart from religious considerations~ later blended with religious thoughts under Christianity || · Suggest human reason~ strongly ~ understanding the 3 perfect forms-> absolutely true, good, and beautiful -believe in characterizing nature || è Poet Homer ~ live in 8th century B.C.E  · Crafted tales · Vergil~ Roman author -> work on epic -seeking to link Greek/Roman history & mythology || · Establish ~ abundant stone~ for ambitious temples/ public buildings · Roman~ learn adding domes to rectangular buildings w/ engineering skills è Construct greater sized free-standing stadiums || · Encourage~ pupils to question conventional wisdom · Ran afoul of the Athenian government~ undermining political loyalty ||
 * Cyrus the Great || · Establish massive Persian Empire across northern Middle East/ northwestern India
 * Zoroastrianism || · During the Persian advancement of iron technology
 * Olympic Games || · Greek city-states ~ join together for regular celebration for the athletic competitions
 * Pericles || · During 5th century B.C.E~ most famous Greek political figure
 * Peloponnesian Wars || · Between Athens/Sparta
 * Philip II of Macedon || · Won crucial battle in 338 B.C.E
 * Hellenistic period || · Influence of Hellenes, Greek art, continuous culture
 * Roman Republic || · Extended influence to the rest of Italian peninsula
 * Punic Wars || · Roman conquest spread~ widely
 * Julius Caesar || · Civil wars between two generals~ victory of Julius
 * Diocletian/ Constantine || · Strong leaders prevented the downfall of Roman empire
 * Polis || · “politics” comes from Greek word for city-state
 * Direct Democracy || · Not rule by elected representatives
 * Senate/Consuls || · Senate ~Most important legislative
 * Aristotle || · Stress importance of moderation/balance in human behavior/
 * Stoics || · Emphasized inner moral independence, to be cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery
 * Plato || · Socrates’ great pupil
 * Iliad/Odyssey || · Greek literature ~ containing strong epic tradition
 * Doric/Ionic/Corinthian || · Greek~ three tops columns~ support massive building~ classical architecture
 * Socrates || · Born in 469 B.C.E.

//SUMMARY OF GREECE AND ROME://

Greece and Rome has been through developments, changes, and led by strong leaders to achieve a success in civilization. It started out with Cyrus the Great establishing massive Persian Empire and cultural/achievements within it. The Persian begins to develop Zoroastrianism, which is a new religion involving artistic style. Rome and Greece were considered as to be a city-state government. Sparta and Athens were the two leading city-states in Greek. Sparta has a strong military and aristocracy dominating slave population, while Athens is a more diverse commercial state and is proud of their intellectual leadership. By the 5th century, Pericles became the most famous Greek political figure that was ruled by wise influence, but it prevents war with Athens and Sparta. By 431-404 B.C.E, Peloponnesian wars broke out for the control of Greece. After the long bitter war, Roman republic extended out and gains a strong military protection. Julius Caesar later on took control due to the civil wars among the generals. After his death Augustus Caesar took over and the whole Mediterranean civilization remains peaceful for 200 years. Constantine was a strong leader, who prevented the downfall of the Roman Empire and by 303 B.C.E; he adopted Christianity to reunite the empire. Direct Democracy took place and senate/ consuls were soon place into office. Roman and Greece continues to remain as a successful civilization today.

//THE CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE// Summary: India, Mediterranean, and China classical civilization has relied on agriculture economy and the development of empires. Tensions have rise up in the civilization with the complex leadership lifestyles and demands. Limiting economic resources of the agriculture economy has also taken place in the civilization. Therefore, comparisons of the three classical civilizations can be determined by social levels. In the social levels, higher levels were able to control the lower levels. Social levels are able to generate ideologies explaining the social divisions. On the top of the pyramid, it contains different value system. India was consist of persists, China was consist of bureaucrats, Greece was consists of aristocrats, and Rome was republic predominated. All those had a vital role commerce played in the civilization. Opportunities were also in three civilizations. China’s bureaucratic system allows talented people from lower class to rise to higher class with education. India’s caste system allows movement within the castes. With the wealth that someone has, it is able to raise someone to higher level position by birth. Rome has non aristocrats which mean they have economic and political opportunities like what Cicero have done. The three civilizations lower levels can be called different names. In India, the untouchable perform duties culturally depending on the vital, while China’s were called the “mean people” that included actors. Greece and Rome relied on slavery to provide services and demanding labors. Cultural were used to hold social levels together. Greece and Rome has given the social levels decision to local authorities such as city-states. Also, the relied on military force and clear legal statements to have the rights. Force and legal inequalities took place in China and India also. India’s Hinduism justifies and sustain for those that submit to the place of given existence. The Chinese has Confucianism, which urged cultural values as disobedience and self restraint. Major slave rebellion was in the Roman countryside during the classical period. China and India were mainly on creating value systems that have to do with people lower classes and upper ranks. Rome and Greece were stressing the importance of aristocracy and at the same time offering elements to the political system. Limited econmic resources Philosphers and religious leaders~ top of class Merchant status ~ depend on civilzation. Greco-Roman resembles Confucian~ interest in culture Culture~ develop differently to hold social hierachy together Why did the classical civilization seem to need radical social inequalities? The classical civilization seem to need radical social inequalities because China and India are able to created a value systems that convince people in lower classes and higher classes that there are legitimacy in the social levels. Greece and Rome emphasized the importance of aristocracy and offer elements to share with political system. What was the relationship between wealth and social position in each classical civilization? (Refer back to the yellow highlighter) If India used religion to compensate for social inequalities, what did China and the Mediterranean cultures use? China has used Confucianism as a religion for the social inequalities, while Mediterranean cultures might used Christianity since it had begin to spread.

//PRESENTATIONS OF MEDITERRANEAN://

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