The+Early+Modern+Period+1450-1750

The Early Modern Period, 1450-1750: The World Shrinks



//SCROLL DOWN FOR CHART OF DEVELOPMENTS, EVENTS, AND CONTINUE// //SUMMARY OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD// //**Chapters: **//

16.) The World Economy 17.) The Transformation of the West

18.) The Rise of Russia 19.) Early Latin America 20.) Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade 21.) The Muslim Empire 22.) Asian Transitions in an age of Global Change

//Notes of The Early Modern Period://

**World Changes:**
 * European countries started to form overseas empires
 * new land-base empire arise in Asia and eastern Europe
 * Russian and Ottoman empire spread toward the European and Asian territories
 * Mughal Empire ruled Indian subcontinent
 * 1450 international trade focus on exchanges among Asia, Africa, Europe, across overland routes, and seaways in Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
 * 1750, Americans and Pacific Oceania were part of the global exchanges (rest of world also)


 * Triggers for Change:**
 * Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, rule most of Byzantine territories, and putting Muslim power in charge of the christian cities and territories
 * Christian leaders turn to new activities to make up for the loss of influence and territory
 * 1450, steady progression of exploration by Europeans along Atlantic coast of Africa has desire to find ways to trade with east Asia
 * New military technologies developed such as compasses, navigational devices, better sailing ships, guns, and gunpowder from the Chinese and Arabs.
 * Guns affected political patterns within Africa, Japan, and Europe
 * European establish new empire overseas with the new technologies


 * Big Changes:**
 * forging of new global economy
 * new biological exchanges of foods, animals, and people
 * emergence of new and large empires with guns and gunnery


 * New Global Economy:**
 * international trade increased, Americas were part of the exchanges


 * Biological Exchange:**
 * Americas, corns and potato begin to be grown in Asia and Europe
 * populations increased with the combine of local improvements in agriculture
 * Europeans introduced new disease into Americas and Pacific island territories
 * population lost due to diseases has increase new migrations from Europe and Africa into America
 * Slave trade were brought into America due to labor shortage
 * New animals such as horses were altered life in America
 * Theses changes were called "Columbian exchange"
 * New Empires:**
 * New empire in India, Middle East, southeastern Europe, and Russia challenge each other for imperial territories
 * Spain, Portugal, France, England, and Netherlands gain pressure on their new overseas holdings
 * western Europe increased it's position
 * Russia gain new role
 * new masters rule over parts of Americas
 * new economic and military agents and competitors challenged the established societies in Asia and Africa
 * Europe became more wealthier and powerful


 * Continuity:**
 * new influence of science in western Europe
 * rise of Japanese Confucianism
 * spread of world religions, with Islam reaching toward southeast Asia and parts of southeastern Europe, conversions to Christianity in the Americas
 * No changes occurred in gender relations
 * More men than women were killed in Africa; lack of adequate numbers of husbands encouraged African polygamy
 * military developments such as guns and gunnery
 * little changes took place in agriculture
 * China pride itself on reviving and maintaining its government system
 * African societies traditions of divine kinship
 * Work:**
 * Chinese government begin to require taxes be paid in silver
 * Chinese fell in deeper poverty
 * Africans seized from homes and subjected to terrifying and to a deadly passage to Americas
 * pressure to work harder
 * Population increases, regions demanded more from workers to help sustain larger families and villages
 * landowners and manufacturers force workers to increase the pace
 * People of all ages required to work harder
 * Child labor increases


 * Trends and Societies:**
 * changes on naval technology and warfare
 * new trading opportunities and colonial expansion related to changes within western Europe
 * European changes effect the rest of the world
 * Russia developed most novel gunpowder empires with impact on power balance in eastern Europe, east Asia, and part of Muslim world
 * new society in Latin America, born of interactions among native populations, Europeans and Africans

· African plantations slave laborers were used to run the plantations that was develop. · Rise of chiefdom. · control of slavery is the only way that individuals or lineages are able to increase their wealth and status in the African societies. · Sudanic states enslaved pagan and Muslims, Niger valley-> slave produced agricultural surpluses for rulers/nobles for the states, Sahara-> slave was used for gold mining, salt production, and caravan workers. · Power of the Dahomey and Asante kingdom ~ depended on slavery. · Swahili trading cities~ commerce in Indian Ocean adjusting military presence of Portuguese and Ottoman Turks. · Military weapons ~firearms were imported from Europe || · African slaves being traded. -being labors and workers. -military needs and different sources. || · Dutch controlling parts of sugar plantations. ·  Iberian Peninsula imported slaves~ from trans-Sahara trade. · Inflation begins to exist in Spain with the silver and goods that the India American was importing in. · Spain~ take labors and taxes · Patriarchal family and **encomiendas** were adopted by the people in Latin America. · Church was represented by individual priests and then missionaries ~ Dominicans. |||| · Royal officials form a core of bureaucracy · Mining open new areas for farming and ranching to supply new markets in the mining zone. ~ **Rio de Janeiro** - mining ports grew in size and importance. · Sugar plantation was developed with the help of imported African slaves. · **Galleons** imported and exported goods from other countries · The Spanish discovery of mountain of mercury @ **Huancavelica**~ aid American silver production. · Development of small textile sweatshop ~ common cloth produced by women. || · Being taken over · Slavery · Influence by Spanish ||
 * Region || Major Events |||| Major Developments |||| Major Continuities ||
 * Western Europe || * The creation of weapons brought the west to a more advantage military against others.
 * 15th century~ Portuguese sailed around Cape of Good Hope-> attempt to find the India~ easier to access luxury cloths and spices.
 * Portugal set up forces in African coasts, India.
 * Christopher Columbus set sail~ to search for westward route to India~ yet failed and reach toward Americas.
 * Diseases ~ brought into country with trading.
 * Native Americans being colonized by Spanish and Portuguese.
 * Seven Years wars
 * Treaty of Paris~ France losing colony that settled the war.
 * Italian Renaissance~ artistic movement that challenge medieval intellectual values
 * Northern Renaissance~ focuses on France, Low Countries, Germany, and England. |||| * Development of the first guns and cannons.
 * Dutch and British improve ships to be lighter and faster.
 * Dutch East India and British East India Company created to give government monopolies of trade in regions designated.
 * Idea of humanism
 * European style family
 * Absolute monarchy
 * Parliamentary monarchy |||| * Searching new territories to seize power and resources.
 * Inequality of mestizos.
 * Slave trading
 * Battles of colonial settlements.
 * Enlightenment
 * Sub-Sahara Africa |||||| · Mozamique settlers use slaves for military to increase territories.
 * Sub-Sahara Africa |||||| · Mozamique settlers use slaves for military to increase territories.
 * African rulers do not enslave their own people except for crimes or other unusual circumstances.
 * Endless wars ~ importance of military/ made captives sale into slave trade. |||| · Triangular trade ~ trading with European and American.
 * Central/South Americas |||||| · People abandon coastal town and plantations to go on a gold rush.
 * North America |||||| * Slaves being imported from Africa~ saltwater and creole slaves.
 * Religion was continue and adapted~ slaves converted to Catholicism by Spaniards and Portuguese
 * In of forest of **Suriname** (former Dutch plantation colony) -> large amounts of slaves running away, war~ hunting them down~ captured were burtally killed
 * 1888~ slavery was ended in America when it was taken away in Brazil. |||| * Hierarchy status~ whites on top, slaves’ bottom, free people of color has a complete different one-> color and race played roles.
 * Slavery for plantation
 * Ships to import slaves
 * Trading with Europeans and African || * Triangular trade
 * The import of slaves
 * Influence of Spanish
 * Relaying on slaves to develop their economy
 * Developing own government system
 * Labor system ||
 * Russia |||||| * Influence by the Mongol
 * Exchanging with the western merchants
 * Time of Troubles~ weak rulers-> Romaov dynasty
 * Landed nobles divided between minorities of great magnates~ lived in major cities, provide cultural patronage, and smaller landowners.
 * Rebellions peasants destroy manorial records, seize lands, and kill landlords, and officials
 * Balkans~ under Ottoman control~ grow trade with West sparking new cultural exchange. |||| * Russia first navy
 * Army’s weaponry
 * Expansion of central government with Pugachev rebellion
 * Serfdom being spread.
 * Laws were passed~ connecting serfs to lands and increased legal rights of landlords
 * Labor system~ mining, manufacturing, farming. || * Recruiting peasants in the military
 * Serfdom
 * Enlightenment
 * Scientific Revolution ||
 * Middle East |||||| * Women in the rest of Indian society decline
 * Peasants of Muslim and Hindu prices in the north rise to revolt.
 * Akbar promoted Hindus to the highest rank of government.
 * Heavy weapons and Janissaries determination to block all military changes~ empire decline more-> Ottoman lost to European. |||| * Markets were set for women, so they could get out of their houses.
 * Lower classes were poorly train out of most soldiers in Mughal armies.
 * Hindus
 * Artillery and firearms were used to build the empire || * Women status increase
 * One of the oversea trading places for European traders. ||
 * India |||||| * India trading coast ~ Goa was taken over by the Portuguese
 * Portuguese wanted to control over spices. |||| * Spices
 * Ships || * Influence by Portuguese
 * Trading among other countries ||
 * China |||||| * Ming emperor~ top of social hierarchy~ rulers and chief advisors were prime targets of Jesuit mission |||| * Scholar-officials ~ humiliated by foreigners’ corrections to their calendars were openly hostile to Jesuits.
 * Jesuits scholars such as **Matteo Ricci** and **Adam Schall** spent time in imperial city correcting calendars, forging cannons, fixing clocks imported from the European.
 * junks
 * Huangehe River project
 * Bureaucrats and military forces~ putting an end to Japanese || * Asian sea trading network
 * Influence of European
 * The decline of ming ||
 * Japan |||||| * ** Nobunaga ** armies drove against powerful western daimyo in 1582~ was caught off by guard by one vessel generals and was killed when Kyoto temple was burned to the ground.
 * Afraid of other countries coming in and influencing them
 * |||| * impressed with European firearms and pugnacity of European and didn’t take threat of invasion lightly
 * ships were forbidden to trade with other foreign countries that might threaten Japan || * isolated from other countries by keeping their religion and culture ||

Early Modern Era Summary:

 During the Early Modern Era, in 1450-1750, empires begin to gain power with military, trade, and new developments. European begin to form their own civilizations with settlements, trade, and improvement of their society. As their civilizations was developing, technology increase rapidly with gaining military advantages such as deep-draft, round-hulled sailing ships that carry heavy armaments. By the 14th and 15th century, Portuguese and Spain travel oversea for new territories control. Christopher Columbus sailed to America to have control of the Indian lands. Soon Dutch and British was influenced by the Portuguese and Spanish which created the Dutch East Company and British East India Company. Later on diseases begin to appear in the places and brought down the population. By the 17th century, European control the trade system. The trade system created human labor and slave exchanging existed for export and import of goods in the country, which create a equality society. Native Americans and mestizos were consider to be labors. Different countries depended on each other goods to developed trade pattern. As time goes, the European begin to lose control of the trade system to other countries. Laws were later passed to regulate human rights of each other. As European starts to lose it’s power, the Russia begin to develop their empire into place. The Russian empire was depended on peasant labors to run the society. They recruited coassaks into their military and expand their territories even farther to gain more power and sources. As in other societies, people were separated into different status and level. In Latin America, people were able to have a mix of a Spanish and African to produce an offspring, but they created a completely different social level status system for them. During the time, Spanish had most control over America due to the fact that the Americans are not able to fight back due to their lack of development in their civilization. Slavery begin to take place in all parts of the world. In Africa, triangular trade begin due to slavery being exchanged for goods and sources from other foreign places. Massive slaves were exported out of Africa, as a result a huge decrease has hit the population of the African, which bring their status in other countries even more down. As slave trading increase, the Middle Passage was develop with the slaves exchanges across the ocean and sea with America. Slaves that were African-born slaves were consider to be saltwater slaves, while creole slaves were the slaves that were born in America. Slaves were mainly use for harsh labors and jobs such as mining. The Muslim empire such as the Mughal and Ottoman both expand with their military power gaining new territories. As they expand their empires, they gain new resources and influence many people. When the empire got too big for them to control, they begin to lose power and leading to a decline of both empires. Asian sea trading system network appear within the countries, it was focus on three main zones linking countries together for trading. Before the arrival of the Portuguese, the system was consider to be peaceful among the countries which open up a opportunity for the Portuguese to take over. The Portuguese used military force and gain power over the trading network. With the control Portuguese are able to have control of countries that dependent on this network to exchange goods and everything else.