20th+Century+Nationalism

20th Century Nationalism India Africa Middle East

Read In Depth p795


 * Western believe that the decolonized areas in Asia, Middle East, and Africa are not able to rule themselves with the instability and suffering that existed.
 * Colonial boundaries separated people apart~ shans of southeast Asia, Kurds of Middle East, Somalis horn of east Africa.
 * ethnicity, languages, religions were built in civilization --> European regimes built and maintain divide-and-rule tactics~ wars=violent
 * nationalist loyalties were shadow by sub national ethnic and religious identities -> new Nations of Africa/southeast Africa been threaten with secessionist movements.
 * Pakistan were separated East and West with different languages and people -> 1970s bloody war erupted
 * India-> separation of groups with different linguistic, religious, ethnic groups-> violent ~force to put out military between the groups.
 * Africa- no secessionist movements succeed, Ibo~ eastern Nigeria led toward a 3 year bloody war for independence in the 1967.
 * independent nations lead to border clashes and open warfare
 * democracy was the main tensions between ethnic groups

How might colonial policies have been changed to reduce the tensions between different ethnic and religious communities? Why were these measures not taken? What can be done now to alleviate these divisions? Should the United Nations or industrialized nations such as the United States or Japan intervene directly to contain communal clashes or civil wars in Africa and Asia? What is to be done with the rapidly growing refugee populations created by these conflicts?

Colonial policies have changed to reduce the tensions between different ethnic and religious communities by allowing freely elected legislature be dominated by parties representing their interests. The measure was not taken because the ones in power would favor their own/ allied groups. During the vote of the representative, they are not allow to vote for their own. The United Nations or industrialized nations such as the United states or Japan should be intervene directly to contain the clashes and civil war because they have a more neutral view than the view that is made in Africa and Asia. The rapidly growing refugee populations created by these conflicts can be settle in by talking thing out instead of provoking voice.

I See It Means
 * [[image:mrgreenapworld:Balkans.jpg width="332" height="485" align="center" caption="Balkans.jpg"]] ||
 * Balkans.jpg ||
 * the word “balkan troubles” on the pot
 * Different soliders on the pot
 * People trying to hold it down
 * People in uniform
 * smokes are everywhere
 * People trying to prevent the pot from exploding
 * five different people
 * Conflicts develop Balkan
 * Different regions are involve
 * keeping peace
 * Different nations
 * cannot be control
 * controlling from war
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">All nations are involve







<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//**The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order**// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: In the 19 century, Europeans conflicts has cause them to leave peace behind and begin war among themselves.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">European colonizers~ fought each other in colonies of first time~ Asian and African soldiers/ laborers serve the Western Front -> war in Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and east Africa.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Colonies supply food for home populations of the Triple Entente powers such as raw materials (oils, jute, cotton) -> British encourage a expansion of industrial production of India to line up with the output of their overextended home factories.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">African and Asian soldiers were order by Europeans to kill other Europeans~ European troops were withdrawn to meet the need of manpower on war.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Western educated elites or new allies such as Arabs, British, and French~ made promise of postwar settlement= compromise for prewar dominance or plans for colonial expanding.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Egypt, India, Ivory Coast cause social and economic disruption by the wars ~ possible for nationalist agitators to build anti colonial movements.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: BY 1885, the National Congress Party was develop to able Indian independence and govern of their government, but British control remains.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">India was colonized before Africa, movements for independence begin in the Asian colonies.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Only small amount of the colonized in India and Philippines were educated by Western -> counterparts in Burma and Netherlands Indies, begin to form give voice to their political concerns associations
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">India largest size and play role in British Empire-> nationalist challenge and European retreat were spread throughout other countries.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NATIONAL CONGRESS PARTY 1885 by Indian leaders= Indians independence and governing → bless higher rankings British officials = educated Indians should be known in the government.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">debates in India -> government was dominated by elites-centric issues -> removal of barriers to Indian employment in colonial bureaucracy / increasing Indian representation in-all Indian and local legislative (most of them were loyal to British rulers)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Western educated Indians -> poor salaries and limited opportunities for advancement in colonial administration -> meeting in congress, “no matter where they came from in India, they were treated in a similar fashion”.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Social Foundations of a Mass Movement <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: Indian became the supporter of the British empire by providing army forces and production to the British.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian business men-> became major financial backers of Congress party~ angered by favoritism British rulers show to British investors in creating trade polices.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian pay for army that fought elsewhere in the British empire, generous salaries and pensions of British administrators, railway equipment, steel for public works project, manufactured goods in Great Britain.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian peasantry produce cash crops such as cotton, jute, and indigo -> Indians blame the British for the cause of food shortages and diseases.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Rise of Militant Nationalism <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: B.G. Tilak and Hindu Communists revolted against the British, as a result the Morley-Minto Reforms develop in 1909 proving educated Indians with opportunities.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hindu population= not to eat cows, but the Muslims eat beef, slaughter cattle and they made up of ¼ of the population in India.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">B.G. TILAK ~ Hindus is made up most of the population, therefore nationalism should build appeals to the religion~ promote Hindus -> opposed women’s education and rising the low marriage age for women / turned festivals for Hindu gods into mass political demonstrations/ demand boycott of British manufactured goods/ persuade Indians to not serve in colonial administrations and military/ demand for full independence with no delays and threatened violent rebellion.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">British imprison Tilak and later killed due to his demands.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hindu Communists~ violent overthrow the colonial regime -> terrorist movement favor operations over demonstrations-> underground network (secret society) and learn how to use of firearms and bombs.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Western educated lawyers ~ dominate force in nationalist politics and provide many movement’s key leaders throughout the struggle of independence.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS- 1909 - gave educated Indians with opportunities both to vote/ serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: Indian provided finance and military toward the British, but at the end of war in 1918, the British refuse to honor the wartime promises.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian princes provided loans to the British such as Indians soldiers were sent to war East Africa and Middle East and nationalist leaders such as Eandhi and Tialk tour India selling British war bonds.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian peasants were angered at ceilings set on price of market produce~ rising the cost and inability to sell what they produced due to shipping shortages linked to war.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian laborers ~ wages drop steadily in the face of rising the prices and bosses grw rich from profits earn in war production.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">end of war in 1918~ Indian were mad @ British refusal of honor wartime promises-> MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS in 1919, increase legislators @ all-India leveled and placed provincial administration of India under control-> ROWLATT ACT places severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom-> MOHANDADS GANDHI took power and went against it.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Gandhi put on aggressive protest tactics → peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations labeled as SATYAGRAHA( truth force~ prove a good way of weakening British control while limiting violent.)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Answer the following questions in your wiki - Start at "It will be our wish..." (10th paragraph)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How does the introduction relate to the causes of WWI?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world.” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Talking about how peace to the world and doesn’t want a country taking it’s power.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What does Wilson suggest was the reason for American entry into the war?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The American wanted rights, peaces and justices. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression”
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How would you summarize the main objectives of the 14 Points?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Providing independence, peace, and fairness to nations. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.”

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.”

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. “
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How might the colonies of Britain and France react to the 14 points?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The colonies of Britain and France would not be happy to the 14 points because they would have to give up lands that they have once invaded back to the countries. Also, the control of the Britain and France in the nations would be taken away and allowing the nations to form their own government.