Africa

AFRICA

**Presentation of Africa countries**
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || July 5th 1962 from French || France~ minister decade war was a resolution || National Liberation Front

Secret Army Organization || Ahmed Ben Bella Created National Liberation Front

Charles de Gaulle declare indepedence || yes ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Angola || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">November 11,1975

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Independence war 1961-1975 || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Portuguese || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">UNITA and MPLA movement (National Liberation Front)

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Popular Liberation Movement (MPLA)

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Union For the Total Indepedence … || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Holden Roberto <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Jonas Savimbi <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Dr. Agostinho Neto || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">30 years of war || Henry Morten Stanley Govenor general Petillion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Belgian Congo || June 30, 1960 || Belgium ||  || King Leopold II ( not supporter of indepdence)

Patrice Lumuba ~ power in 1960 || policital corruption ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Zimbabwe || April 18,1980 || independent from Britain || 1965 Unilateral Declartion of Indepdence

Zimbabwe African People's Union || Joshua Komo

Robert Mugabe

CURRENT Robert Mugabe || courruption division among people civil wars faud leaders poverty || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">*nationalist movement
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Guinea ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Kenya || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Decemeber 12, 1963 || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">British || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Mau mau (1952-1960)

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Getting rid of all white people and have african rights/jobs || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Dehan Kimathi

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Ogina Odinga

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Harry Thuku

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Jomo Kenyatta || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Better jobs and opportunities

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-western styles || full indepdence in 1994 || independence from Britain 1934 || African National Part Black Conscious movement || Walter Sisulu Nelson Manela || white minority rule until 1994 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Madagascar ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">South Africa || seperation from 1934

Notes: P.666-669 //The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa:// MI: During World War I, European made promises toward African in return for their resources and manpower, but the promise was broke leading to strikes and rebellions. · By the 19th century, Western-educated Africans and traditional rulers =loyal toward British and French overlords -> French and British are able to use manpower, raw materials, laborers, soldiers from Africa during World War I. · World War I -> African merchants and framers suffer from shipping shortages/ decline of demand for crops such as cocoa-> African=hungry~ crops given to armies of allies. · European made promises to Africans to join the military-> but only kept a few such as better jobs and public honors-> strikes/riots broke out-> Great Depression. · Western-educated politicians did not pay much attention of urban workers/ peasants -> **Marcus Garvey** and **W.E.B Du Bois** (African American political figure) emerge African nationalist leaders -> **pan-African** organization (made up of African loyalties~ leadership = African Americans, West Indians) · French-speaking West Africans focus on their organizational and ideological efforts in Paris-> **negritude** literary movement combat racial stereotyping bondage to Europeans. · **Leopold Senghor** (Senegalese poet), Leon Damas (from French Guiana), and West Indian Aime Cesaire celebrated beauty of black skin and African physique -> arguing African people in pre-colonial era~ women were freer, old people better care, attitudes toward sex were healthier than civilized West. · Western-educated Africans in British territories were given greater opportunities-> nurture organization linking nationalist of different British colonies~ National Congress of British West Africa-> able to concern with issues within individual colonies. · British grant representation in colonial advisory councils to Western-educated Africans~ political organization= bad structured to be true political parties-> leaders attack British polices and reached out for African villagers and young that played little role in nationalist. P. 723-727 //The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa// MI: Educated-Africans begin to take a nationalist position and established the Convention People Party of organizing mass movements. · Forced labor, confiscations of crops and minerals, inflations, African earnings cut down, African recruits~ serviceman fought bravely -> used European latest weapons to destroy Europeans during World War II. · Wartime of British and French-> restricted industrial development throughout Africa-> factories made vegetable oils, foods, and minerals in west and central of Africa-> growing migration of African peasants to towns shaping African urban growth. · Kwame Nkrumah was educated in African missionary schools and Untied States-> created contacts with nationalist leaders in British and French West Africa and civil rights leaders in America in the late 1940s-> restrictions on government control marketing boards and favoritism for British merchants -> nonviolent protest in cities, but police fire in 1948= riot. · Western-educated African leaders=slow organizing groups into a sustained mass movement -> Nkrumah resigned position as dominated political party in Gold Coast creating **Convention People Party (CPP)**~ signaling arrival of new style of politics by organizing mass rallies, boycotts, strikes. · Educated Africans were give representation in the legislative bodies and took over administration of colony -> British recognize Nkrumah as prime minister of the independent Ghana in 1957. · French made sure that African leaders would dominate the nationalist movements and post independence in French West Africa-> 1956-1960, French colonies moved toward nationhood-> 1960, France’s west African colonies=free. · Well-educated Congolese led resistance to Belgian rule -> 1960 independence, only 16 African collage graduates in Congolese population exceeded 13 million. //Repression and Guerrila War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies// MI: Settlers in the 1950s-1960s, revolt with violence to fight for their independence with the KAU, FLN, and OAS group they form. · South Africa-> settled by Europeans -> gave new openings for nationalist agitation -> South Africa, Algeria, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia blocked rise of nationalist movements. · Settlers emigrated =permanent homes-> fought attempts to turn political control over to African and grant civil rights-> refused reforms by colonial administrators-> African leaders turned to violent, revolutionary struggle for independence. · 1950s, Kenya-> **Kenya African Union (KAU)** (underground organization made up of radical leaders) = impatient with **Jomo Kenyatta** and nationalist party of nonviolent approached-> formed **Land Freedom Army** -> campaign terror and guerrilla warfare against British settlers-> British imprison Kenyatta and KAU. · 1963 Kenya won independence-> most stable and prosperous of new African states. · Algeria-> **National Liberation Front (FLN)** -> full-scale against French rule and settler dominance. · 1960, Algeria~ **Secret Army Organization (OAS)** =against Arabs, Berbers, French that favor independence for colony. · French military-> toppled government in Paris in 1958-> end of Fourth Republic. · 1960a-> OAS was close to killing de Gaulle and overthrow the Fifth Republic. · 1962, independence was won by Algerian · Migrants formed the Algerian population present in France. //The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa:// MI: By the 1900s, Afrikaners created the Afrikaner National Party winning their complete independence from Britain and apartheid was established giving no rights to them. · Southern Africa violent revolutions-> end of white settler dominance in Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique (1975), Southern Rhodesia (1980). · Afrikaners had no European homeland to go back too and consider themselves as distinct from Dutch. · Afrikaner-> racism · 1930s-1940s-> black Africans -> **Afrikaner National Party** -> winning complete independence from Britain without using violence. · 1948 through the passage of thousands laws, created the **apartheid** by Afrikaners-> legislation reserved best jobs for whites and define contact between radical groups-> rights to vote was denied for black, color, and Indians ~many restricted. P. 804-806 //South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Decline:// MI: In the 1990s, Afrikaners were under the laws of apartheid system and government begin to prohibit forms of black protest and brutally including non-violent, but by 1994 Nelson Mandela became president and the African National Congress party came to power. · Some nations received its independence while others remain under the European or the American rule to present day. · Dutch-descended Afrikaners-> control of the country with leadership of Nationalist party-> blacks were not allowed to vote-> Nationalist won complete independence from Great Britain in 1960-> Afrikaners were rule by thousands of laws making up the **apartheid**. · Apartheid-> unequal facilities were created for different radical group for recreation, education, housing, work, medical care & dating and sexual intercourse across racial lines =strictly prohibited-> non white South Africans were given jail if it broken. · Numerous **homelands** within South Africa were created for the separation -> poorest lands toward black African. · 1980s~ government prohibit all forms of black protest and brutally even non-violent resitance-> **African National Congress**=illegal-> **Walter Sisulu** and **Nelson Mandela**, African leaders, were shipped off to prisons-> **Steve Biko** was an organizer of Black Consciousness movement was killed. · **F.W. de Klerk** pushed for reforms that begin to go against the apartheid system · 1994 election brought power to African National Congress party-> led by Nelson Mandela-> becoming the first black president in South Africa-> one of the most skillful/respected political leaders.