Western+Europe

Western Europe

//NOTES ON MAP// · Christian Churches = “information highway” that controls information, beliefs, and attitudes. · Europe become more fragmented with less interaction with other cultures, ruled by mainly uneducated people such as the Germans, and knowledge of the world is monopolized by clergy. · Clergy focuses on own religious doctrine and ignore worldly knowledge, science, literature & art. (deepening the Dark Ages) · Kings and Church in the Medieval Europe, gain political advantages, Church influence Geo-political events such as the Franks, Visigoths & Lombard. · Church has wealth, lands, and influence in the kingdom. · Christianity- has absolute authority and kings were able to enforce their rule by it. · Submitting toward absolute authority- more natural for people to accept it from the “divinely” king. // Reign of Charles Martel // · Founder of Great Carolingian Dynasty- expanded Frankish Empire. · First Frankish leader · Grandfather to Charlemagne, who’s the greatest European ruler · Pioneer that use newly advanced stirrups, allowing soldiers effectively wield the sword without falling off. · Introduce concepts of heavy infantry and permanent army to Medieval Europe. · Franks achieve military advantage. // Viking Raids // · Vikings from Scandinavia. · Vikings begin to raid unprotected coastal lands of Britain and northern mainland. · Monasteries were undefended and contained valuables consider being the common target. · Slaves = captured. · Warm weather begin = easier to travel longer distance by sea. · Scandinavians consider not to be inhibited by culture and religion discouraging pillaging. · Scandinavia was overpopulated and farming didn’t support population. · Military Excellence- Pioneer use advance stirrups to control of sword/weapons while riding horses. Franks has closer relationship with Romans than Gernmanic tribes and learning their military technology. Franks created permanent and introduced concept of heavily armored infinity. · Geo-Politics- Franks expanded home territory by building from existing power base and easily accepted by Roman populations, convert to Roman Catholicism. They were insulated from threats like Muslims and Vikings. Vikings raid northern coasts, located at the outreaches of territory. · Politics- Franks did not employ heavy taxation against their new subjects. They allow fair amount of local autonomy for new subjects. · Centralization- Franks were split personal possessions equally among all children. Clovis murders his siblings and families of other tribes to keep the strong rule among number of tribes. Tradition would lead to a downfall of Frankish Empire when massive empires divide among heirs in early 9th century. · Leadership- Successive, highly charismatic, and capable leaders are Clovis, Martel, and Charlemagne. · Frankish empire unified West and Central Europe. · 843- 3 sons of Louis I cause Europe into greater backwardness, as strong, centralized ruled develop into the kingdoms. · Fragmentation- discouraged unification and urbanization as rule of law, economy became entire land-based. · Feudalism is military, economic, social order that monarch grants feudal lords large lands in exchange for military service when needed, taxes, and exchange for unified military protection. · Knights and peasants were given smaller lands and protection in exchange for loyalty and military service. · Feudal lords rule people on piecemeal basis- holding own courts and dealing with justice as their view. · Peasants were property of feudal lords in the system of serfdom, which pervade western and central Europe in until the French Revolution. // Christianity and High Middle Ages // · Kingdoms- Nation-states, a response toward continuing barbaric raids throughout Europe. · Christianity dominate the continent and most nations pledged allegiance to papal authority (Roman Catholicism or Eastern Orthodox) · 10th and 11th century- barbaric peoples is Christianize, denouncing such raids and stronger defensive capabilities by nation states. · Christian Crusades revive interest in Asia, provoke Asian trade, and introduce Islamic science/enlightenment in Europe. · Populations grew and expanded settlements to all comers. · Crusades develop professional soldiers. · Promises of glory, salvation, potential riches = motivation. · Increase of papal influence and sense of commonality among Christians that settle crusades later on the 11th century and 12th century. · Religion power transcends nationalism and loyalties. · Church dominates empires like Byzantine, German, and Holy Roman Empire.
 * 1) ** Impact of Christianity ** (490-600)
 * 1) ** Reign of Charles Martel & Viking Raids ** (600 - 755)
 * 1) ** The Rise of the Franks ** (755-850)
 * 1) ** Feudalism ** (840 - 967)
 * 1) ** Christianity and the High Middle Ages & Expansion of Holy Roman Empire ** (967 - 1060)

// Expansion of Holy Roman Empire // · Otto I the Great (953), emperor able to exercise power over authorities, appointing clergy, and pope himself. · Emperors enable to gain support for expansion into new territories. · Otto I appointed several supporters/relatives to high ecclesiastic offices in the German Empire that allow him to have power and influence. · HRE, able to appoint clergy throughout Western France, extending power west of Rhine, but enable to gain territories to the west like Dutch territories and County of Burgundy. · Pope was powerless; Italy was chaos but was saved by Otto I that took over attempting to claim the title of the king. · Otto I took over Italy and created Papal States- papal independence. · Papal States influence by the will and mercy of Otto I. · HRE remain decentralized, decline of Holy Roman power. // Effects of the Crusades // · Senseless violence and wars- Christianity displace Islam and Judaism at all costs. Christians and Muslims have high death toll. Jerusalem was captured; Muslim and Jewish residents were slaughter. · Undermining Church Moral Authority- Slaughter of Jews and Muslims were used against Roman Catholic Church during Protestant Reformation. It convinces many that the Roman Catholic Church was not moral authority throughout Dark Ages. · Distrust of Christians- Christians persecuted Jews and destroy Muslims that in their way toward Middle East. · Opened Way for Future Muslims Conquests of Europe- The growth of animosity between Roman and Byzantine, crusaders compelled, conquering Constantinople. Byzantine was destructed when Ottoman Turks advance into Europe. · Asian Influence- Increase Europe’s knowledge of Asian world. More cosmopolitan influence into Europe, which play a role in the Renaissance. · Increased Anti- Semitism- Devotion and loyalty to Church increase and religious tolerance was low. It left Jewish populations as a target. Jewish communities were destroyed in Europe and violence was used against Jews. // Norman Conquest of England and Magna Carta // · First approach toward democracy. · Nobles in England-broke with the failures of king and abuse to monarch powers. · March into London; force King John to agree with document ensuring certain rights. // Why the Golden Horde was able to dominate Europe // · Forced West- Mongols were forced west from central Asian due to dry weather. They were dependent on trade and agriculture suffers in Asia, so they move west to greener pastures. · Superior Military Technology- Horsemanship skills and superior bows were developed as well as other methods. · Strengthening Numbers- Effective on increasing ranks as they passed to conquer territories and force defeated people to join and fight. People that don’t go with them are slaughter. They contain lots of power to the gateway of Europe through Southern Russia. Russian went under their rule. · Learned Diplomacy- Dominated the northern trade route from Europe to Asia and contributes to their wealth and sophistication. Learned to other aspect such as science and government philosophies, which helped them with the conquest. · Europe’s weakened Condition- Arrival coincided with Black Death plague, which was weakening toward Europe. Mongols were the one that introduced the plague.
 * 1) ** Effects of the Crusades, Norman conquest of England and Magna Carta ** (1060-1240)
 * 1) ** Why the Golden Horde was able to dominate Europe and the Black Death Plague ** (1240 - 1350)

// The Black Death Plague // · 1347 hits Europe · Killed estimated 75 million, roughly half of European population. · Deaths occurred 1347-1351. · Southern regions, like Italy and southern France, percentage was higher than the north. · Caused by bacterium in rats in Central Asia. · Gone to Arabs and European by the Mongols. · Europe infected by trade and conflict with Arabs and Mongols. · Effected large cities with denser populations and unsanitary conditions. · Black Death slowly disappears in the 19 century.

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//MANORIALISM ON FEUDALISM AND MANORIALISM//   //SUMMARY:// Between Rome's fall and 10th century, Manorialism has created a complete different economic and political relations among peasant laborers and landlords. Most of the people in manorialism is consider to be serfs that lives on agricultural estates. They were agricultural workers that gets it protection and administration justice from the landlords. In order to be fair for the landlords, the serfs has to give them their lands and goods to them. Also, landlords has used serfs' produce and labor support for his/her own support. Life was consider to be terrible for the serfs. Agricultural equipments were limited and production were very low. The serfs has given their lords part of their crops in return for using their lands. Many days of labor repairing the lord's castle or working on the lands under his control. The serfs were more like laborers than slaves under manorialism. //SUMMARY:// Feudalism is the military and political system that existed in western Europe that brought a huge class difference in Europe. Serfs were apart of feudalism by working on the fields and lands of the lords. The lords will provide the serfs protection for return. Feudalism has expanded toward larger kingdoms and influence them to accept it. Kings and lords were consider to be on the top and the most wealthiest. The system is linked by the status of vassals, knights, peasants, and kings. Later on, Duke of Normandy in France has introduce this system to his people and Charlemagne empire was based on this system. He rewarded military leaders with estates due to the lack of money in the nation. Limits were given to John that signed the Magna Carta.

//MARK UP// media type="custom" key="7532007"    //Summary:// Properties, liberties, and social levels were mainly the concerns in the Magna Carta. Henry was the God king of England and lord of Ireland sends a message to his people. Most of the laws are mostly strict, but it keeps the society as a whole. He believe that his people should put god on the top of everything because god is the one that controls the health, ancestors, and successors. Everyone in the nation should play a role for the government by joining the military, if not they shall be put to death with no other choice. Also, the home should be protected and not have anyone take it away. Underage children are not allow to play a role yet until they reach the age, but during the period the lord will control the properties of that child. In the government, when someone owes money to someone else, they are not allow to rent any of their properties out to gain some money to pay the debts back. Also, they are not allow to refuse to pay back debts. Feudalism existed during the time. Lower classes has to listen to the higher classes and if anyone is disloyal, they going to be killed. If things are purchase, but the person don't have enough money, they are able to have 40 days to pay back. A person being accuse has the rights to be prove innocent and someone is not allow to prove someone guilty unless they have actual evidence like a witness.

//ESPIRIT CHART, WESTERN EUROPE// Western European ~10 Century Ø Restore church-based education Ø Level of intellectual activity begins. Ø The level of different social classes ~ a system of military and political. Ø Lords given protection to lower classes. Ø Vassals- lower class of the lord and owe military services. Ø Serf- lower class of vassals and have to pay taxes o Living on manors. o Agricultural workers o Receives protection and administration of justice from landlords for return they give goods to their landlords for using their lands. o Needs military force from landlords o Labors o Agricultural equipment was limited and production was low. o Able to escape landlords’ control. Ø Christians- equality of all souls Ø West contains higher status than the ones in Islam (Muslims) Ø Less in household. Ø Less segregation in religious services Ø Middle Ages- Women’s voice declined. Ø Play roles in commerce and part of craft guild. Ø Still in the male-dominated organization. Ø Group of people in a single city that in the same trade/business. Ø Give members a share in any endeavor Ø Limit membership allowing all members to work Ø Members profits are equally Ø Stresses security and mutual control. Ø Play major political and social role in cities. || Ø **Vassals** o Provide lord with loyalty and army. o Lands were given by lords. Ø **Serfs** Ø Strengthened by decline of trade and lack of larger political structures. Ø Feudal rights against monarchial claims. Ø Limit power for monarch Ø Democratic aspect. Ø **Parliament** was created in the late 13th century. Ø **Three estates** o Church, nobles, and urban leaders. Ø Gain greater prestige over pagan. Ø Took over Franks. Ø Strengthen beliefs by Western religious leaders. Ø Defeated Muslims in battle of Tours in 732. Ø Preserved Europe for Christianity. Ø Carolingians took over monarchy later on. Ø Charlemagne was another ruler of Carolingians (refer back to economic). Ø Conquer England Ø Introduce feudalism in England Ø Ties England’s lords to royal court by bonds of loyalty Ø Christians Holy lands were regained from Muslims. Ø First Crusades was called by **Urban II.** o Rich lands and goods were conquered. Ø Papal missionaries has bring past boundaries of the old Roman Empire. Ø Logic Ø Wrote treatise called “Yes and No” Ø Monk, challenge Abelard. Ø Stress mystical union with God Ø Believe reason is dangerous and God’s truth must be received through faith alone. || __//**ATTACHMENT BELOW:**//__
 * E || MI: In the Western Europe, economic begins to take itself to a higher level with the changes it created.
 * **Three-field system**- a third of the land left unplanted each year to regain fertility.
 * **Charlemagne**- established substantial empire in France/Germany around 800 years.
 * Horse collar was developed to prevent horse choking.
 * Landlords uses serfs for personal grains
 * Crusades- seeking more for international trade.
 * West became common commercial zone ~ trade begin in the 10th century.
 * Merchants more involve in trade ~ life depend on using local consumption.
 * Banking was introduced into the West, leading to money spreading
 * Gains in agricultural results in urban growth such as manufacturing and commercial activities. ||
 * S || MI: The society in Western Europe was mainly about Feudalism, women status, and the development of guilds.
 * Pope was the highest, bishops’ head of regional churches.
 * Feudalism
 * **Serfs**
 * Peasants were able to become free farmers.
 * Landlords still taxes the serfs even though they are gaining freedom.
 * Women
 * Guild were form
 * P || MI: When manorialism still existed, Holy Roman Emperors takes over and political begin to change in the Western Europe.
 * **Manorialism-** System of economic and political relations between landlord and peasant laborers.
 * **Holy Roman emperors**- begin in the 10th century and merging Christian/ classical claims.
 * **Magna Carta** created and the lords force King John to sign it in 1215
 * Italy became more divided
 * Spain control by Muslims
 * **Clovis**- converted to Christianity ~ 496 C.E
 * **Charles Martel-** founder of **Carolingians**
 * Trading growth and banking brought profits into the west.
 * ** William took feudalism to England in 1066 and people started seeing estates and nation-states. ** ||
 * I || MI: Vikings, William the Conqueror, and the Crusades were seeking for expansion in the West.
 * **Vikings** cause raids, but ended after the conversion to Christianity when they have settle down.
 * **William the Conqueror**
 * Crusades
 * Hundred Year War has lead to regional political stability
 * Trade develops among Italy, Germany, Low Countries, France, and Britain. ||
 * R || MI: In the Western Europe, different beliefs were brought upon by Peter Abelard and Bernard of Clairvaux.
 * Christian Church has gain more power.
 * **Peter Abelard** in Paris move logical tradition to a new level
 * **Bernard of Clairvaux**
 * I || MI: New learning was taught to the Western Europe.
 * **Scholasticism** helps master past learning and organizing logical.
 * **Thomas Aquinas** blends knowledge and faith.
 * Monasteries improved land cultivation, provide education, promote literacy.
 * New languages were form, French and English ||
 * T || MI: Different technologies develop such as the moldboard and gothic.
 * **Moldboard** – curved iron plate was introduced into agricultural life allowing deeper turning of soil.
 * **Gothic** was use for Cathedrals and other architectures. ||

//The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis// MI: As the society begins to developed, the Black Death has taken place in 1348, leading to a decrease in population, social structures, and tensions begin to form. Signs of Stain MI: Around the 14th century, the medieval society begins to question and move away from religion. MI: During the Middle Ages, Rome and Europe faced changes and imitations within the society. Warrants attention- more aggressive interest toward the world.
 * The Hundred Years War- existed in the mid-15th century; France had a sign of weakness in French monarchy.
 * King reduced reliance on prancing forces of nobility, favor of armies paid of their own.
 * New military methods challenge monopoly~ archers learn how to unseat armored knights with powerful bows and arrows with crossbows.
 * French victory ended the war with the spark of heroic leadership of the inspired peasant, Joan of Arc.
 * About 1300, agriculture begins to no longer keep up with the pace of population growth.
 * Available of new lands are used up.
 * Population decline.
 * Black Death took place in 1348, taking town most of the population and social structures down.
 * Tensions among peasants and landlords, artisans and employees.
 * In the 14th century, land-owning aristocracy and ruling class of the medieval society was being question on their skill of warfare.
 * Traditional fighting methods were made by growth of professional armies and new weaponry like cannon and gunpowder.
 * Nobility—expresses rich ceremonial style of life with chivalry.
 * Chivalry~ carefully controlled, polite behavior, and behavior toward women
 * Upper class became cultivated
 * Shifts between church and state.
 * Taxation in early 14 century cause French kings power has great influence on papacy.
 * Relocated papacy from Rome to Avignon that surround by French territory.
 * Church weaken by losing western religious life, Church leaders occupied with political involvement that neglect spiritual side, new religious group form in towns, and devotion became separated from the church.
 * 14th century- series of popular heresies went against hierarchical apparatus, resulting the church for experience of God and new series of myths (many were women) claiming highly emotional contacts with God.
 * Medievalism breakdown of intellectual and artistic synthesis.
 * After Aquinas work, church officials became less tolerant and declare Aquinas’s writings are heretical.
 * Thinkers begin to turn away from religion.
 * Growing interest in realistic portrayals of nature help shift away from medieval artistic standards.
 * Religious figures became less important and painters grew more interest in human features.
 * Italy- new literature and art was different than the ones in postclassical centuries.
 * The Postclassical West and its Heritage**
 * Term “Middle Ages” implies lull between Rome glories and glitter of modern Europe.
 * Middle Ages were a period of Dynamism growth.
 * After 900 C.E. the gains of population, trade, cities, and intellectual activity created the vigorous period.
 * Universities and Gothic art consider being an enduring legacy of the Western society.
 * Imitation united the relative weakness, dynamism, and the capacity to make valuable contributions.
 * Change and imitation divided political rule in Europe resembling conditions in West Africa and Japan.
 * Imitations processes are compared with Europe, Africa, Russia, and Japan.
 * Crusades~ distinctive expansionist spirit

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