The+World+Economy

THE WORLD ECONOMY 

//In Depth: Question~ Causation and the West's Expansion://

If I had to choose a single determinism as basic to social change, I would chose cultural because it involves what the people would do. The cultural of what the people believe in can effect the social changes and it is one of the biggest thing that can effect the social change. The belief of culture can effect the social change by the religion and roles that they believe in. For example if the religion says that women can't do anything in the society, therefore the social would be effected and have women not able to do anything at all in the society. The professed motives of Western explorers and colonists would have differed from their real motives is that they are only focusing on religion instead of different nations and how they interact with each other. No, they won't be aware of the discrepancy because they are just going along with the society, so they won't even notice anything about it. It can be related to how a person is so focus on one thing, he or she doesn't realize what is happening around her/him.

//NOTES ://

P. 350-359 MI: During the early modern era, the European begins to form their own civilizations with settlements, trade, and improvement in their society. · Crusades brought knowledge of Islamic world’s superior economy and goods that’s imported from Asia. · Mongol Empire increase exchanges with Asia civilizations and spurred European interests. · China becoming to be mysterious to the European. · European upper classes imported products from Southeast Asia and India such as spices. · Goods were transported toward Middle East in Arab ships for the Mediterranean trade. · Vikings adventurers of Scandinavia crossed the Atlantic reaching to Vinland and lost interest of establishing settlements. · Europeans continue to believe that the earth is flat. · European-> expansion from 1291 and continue on: o Fear of strength of Ottoman Empire o Lack of gold to pay for Asian imports o Initial settlements in island groups for further gains o Ships were used in Mediterranean trade could not travel far into the ocean. //New Technology: A Key to Power// MI: In the 15th century, European technology has increase rapidly, with the advancement that was created; they are able to gain many military advantages. · Europeans created deep-draft, round-hulled sailing ships that is capable of carrying heavy armaments. · Improvement of compass, map-making, and other navigational devices. · Chinese influence (Chinese invention was adapted into gunnery). · Metalwork advance-> western metal smiths devise first guns and cannons. · West began to forge a military advantage. //Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack// MI: Around the 15th and 14th century, Portuguese and Spanish expand their power by traveling overseas in search for new territories to control. · Henry the Navigator, in 1434, Portuguese began to press down the African coast; therefore slaves, spices such as pepper, and many stories of gold hoards were brought back. · In the 15th century, Portuguese sailors sail around the **Cape of Good Hope** in attempt to find India, but failed. · 1492- News from Columbus’s discovery of America for Spain, Portugal retry again. · Portuguese mistaken Indians as Christians and Hindu temples as churches. · Da Gama used ships’ guns and his forces killed or tortured many Indian merchants to set an example. · Portugal begins to set up forts on African coast and slowly reached the islands of Indonesia and China. Later on arrived at Japan. · Spanish was filled with missionary zeal and desire for riches. · **Christopher Columbus** operates sail for westward route to India to prove that the earth is round, but failed and reaches America calling them the “Indians”. · Spain eager to claim the land and won papal approval for Spanish to dominate over most of Latin America. · 1519, **Ferdinand Magellan** set sail toward westward passing South America and sail across Pacific reaching to the Indonesian islands in 1521. //Northern European Expeditions// MI: As the Portuguese and Spanish begin to travel, it influence the Dutch and British also which created companies for trading. As time goes diseases begin to spread and people were getting tired of traveling. · Dutch and British improved design of oceanic vessels, producing lighter, faster ships than those of their Catholic adversaries. · 1588, British won sea battle against Spain. · Americas aimed mainly northward due to that they can’t challenge the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. · English explorers tries to find an Arctic route to China and was told to keep an eye out for any native populations that they would help provide a perfect market for warm English woolen. · 1534, French explorers reach Atlantic first reaching to Canada. · British turn their attention to North America, starting with brief expedition in 1497. · Colonization took place in the east coast of North Americas. · Dutch begins to take part after their independence from Spain. · Holland created settlement on southern tip of Africa that provides a relay station for ships bound for East Indies. · **Dutch East India Company** was form by Netherlands, Britain, and France that were given government of monopolies of trade in regions. · **British East India Company** played a similar role as the first. · Companies in North America traded actively in furs. · Diseases begin to spread and people were getting tired of traveling everywhere. //The Columbian Exchange of Disease and Food// MI: International contacts of trade among the nations brought diseases into the new world, while trade continues to exist among them. · Native Americans population decline with the diseases that were brought in from the Afro-Eurasian. · Europeans brought in new population of their own citizens and salves imported from Africa. · The decline continues for 150 year period. · As the Europeans made contact with Polynesians and Pacific Coast peoples the same pattern occurred. · American corn and sweet potatoes brought into China, Mediterranean, and parts of Africa. · Local agricultural improvements and productive new crops led a large increase in population. · Rumors spread that American foods spread the plague and some worried about consuming foods that are not in the Bible. · Animal husbandry was more similar to European and Asian animals such as horses and cattle that were brought into the new world. //The West’s Commercial Outreach// MI: The European gain power and control the international trade system of the world during the 17th century. · Muslim traders remain active and commerce continues onto the Middle East. · Europe has control of oceanic shipping, muscling, trade between other societies that between India and Southeast Asia. · Great merchant companies increased the European ability to determine their framework in the international trade. · In the battle of **Lepanto** in 1571, Spanish defeated the Ottoman Empire, any Muslim rivalry against European naval power ended. · European ports spread from west coast of Africa, parts of Indian subcontinent, and islands of Southeast Asia. · Western traders won special legal rights //Imbalances in World Trade// MI: As imports and exports existed in the nations, human labor and slave trading were used for the exchange of goods in the nations. · Spain -> imports of silver from Americas, but had a lacked of good banking system and not able to support full commercial surge. · Western Europe expand manufacture operations, so export are expensive finished goods, like guns and cloth to gain other goods from other nations. · **Core nations** that growing economic prowess by self-serving political policies. · **Mercantilism**, urge that nation-state are not able to import goods from outside of its own empire but sell exports in own ships. · Tariff discourages manufacturing in colonial areas and stimulated home based manufacturing. · Human labor was being exchanged. · Sub-Saharan Africa was considered to be slaves when they enter the new world and was traded for goods. //A System of International Inequality// MI: Slave trading and labor developed within the nations, creating an inequality society. · African slaves traders and princes taxed the trade ~ grows rich. · Latin America- silver mines and commercial estates required regional merchants and farmers to supply food. · Peasants in Latin America and Africa were not able to be part of the market economy. · African and Latin American merchants don’t control their own trade. · Coercive labor systems spread because the dependent economic relied on cheap production of goods. · Native Americans and **mestizos,** estate system of management created large amounts of labors. //How Much World in the World Economy?// MI: Trade patterns begin to exist in each nation that relied on one another in order to have their export and import. · Countries that were outside the world system didn’t develop as much as the core areas of Europe due to profit opportunities in international trade. · China government avoid involvement with international trade on someone else terms. · China avoid keeping up with European developments and subservience to European merchants. · Chinese manufacturing gains led to strong export position, European sent American silver to China to pay food the goods they wanted. · China now need for outside goods. · Japanese worried undue Western influence and impact that it could have on internal divisions among warring lords and threat of guns. · Japanese-> isolation except for some contact with China. · India sold goods in return for Silver. The Expansionist Trend MI: Each nations depended on each other during the late 17th century in order to have a well exchanged on trade. · Portions of Southeast Asia that produced world markets, under the dominance of Western trading companies. · Late 17th century, Western traders advance in India, while Mughal Empire began to fall apart. · British pass tariffs to go against import of cotton cloth made in India. · Eastern Europe brought into growing relationship with world economy and west European core. The Americas: Loosely Controlled Colonies MI: Although, European seems to have control of most of the world, other nations begin to take it’s place also for developing a civilization with what they have. · European guns, horses, and iron weapons offer special advantages. · 1509, settlement on main begin and in search of gold. · First colony created what now Panama is under able but adventurer, **Vasco de Balboa**. · 1531 in the Andes, hard fighting was need for victory. · **Franciso Pizarro** o Joined Americas in 1502 o Settled on Hispaniola island o Join Balboa’s colony in Panama where he received a cattle ranch
 * The West’s First Outreach: Maritime Power**
 * Toward a World Economy**
 * Colonial Expansion**



//Notes of the Early Patterns of Colonization in the Americas and Africa.//

**__Early Patterns of Colonization in the Americas and Africa__** · Spanish colonized several West Indian islands after Columbus’s discovery. · 1509, Spanish begin to search for gold. · First colony was created under **Vasco de Balboa**. · Spanish conquest on Aztecs was launch by the separate expedition from Cuba. · Went against Incas. · Expanded their lands. · 1528, Francisco Pizarro, gain king’s support and agreement that would be governor of new province. · Emperor Atahualpa was a captured · Agricultural settlements were established. · Official colonial systems took shape under the control of bureaucrats from Portugal and Spain. · New weapons and steels were invented during the era. · With the help of weapons and steel, they weren’t able to take over Incas as quickly as it could. || · Government grants lands to major proprietors (William Penn) which led a efforts to recruit settlers. · New York was part of Dutch settlement, but was taken over by English in 1664. · First substantial European settlement took place in Canada under Louis XIV~ plan to set up manorial estates under lords whose rights are restricted by state. · Peasants – developed a labor force. · Birth Rates were high; **New France** had about 55,000 settlers in peasant society. · Catholic Church brought strong organization. · **Seven Years of War,** was created by Britain attacking the French strongholds. · **Treaty of Paris** causes the France to lose its colony and settled for war in 1763. · France regains West Indians sugar islands with trading posts in Africa. · Dutch were more interested in Asian colonies. · British and French value West Indian~ North American produces timber and furs was didn’t made much profit~ merchants and manufacturing activities emerged into the new Americans. · Southern colonies that produce cotton, tobacco, and sugar were important. · Imported slave labor, wealthy planter class bent on importing luxury products, and weaken formal governments. · British Isles colonized the Atlantic coastal region, where populations were decrease by diseases and war. · Calvinist and Quaker church assemblies ~governing powers to elders. · Enlightenment materials and ideas begin to exist in the government. · Americans merchants were trading with China with medicinal herbs, artifacts, and tea. · Great Britain hopes to win tax revenues and markets for British trading and goods. · North America developed a merchant class. · Abandoned agriculture and turn to horse-based hunting economy on plains. || · Missionary activity won converts in Philippines. · Dutch farmers name **Boers** began to farm out large farms in region that populated by Africans. · Expanding Boer settlements conflict with Bantu farmers and creating a large battle for southern Africa control. · Dutch East India company administered portions of main islands of Indonesia, Taiwan, and off China coast. · Subcontinent became an arena for growing international rivalry of France and Britain. · Station was created called **Calcutta** that gave access to wealth of Ganges valley. · English prisoners were placed into Jail. · French power in India was destroyed. · British government took over Indian administration. ||
 * **Spain and Portugal in the Americas:**
 * **The British and French in North America:**
 * **African and Asian trading stations:**



//SUMMARY OF THE EUROPEAN COLONIZATION.//

Summarize the motivations and methods of colonization employed by Europeans in the Americas, Africa, and Asia? During the early modern era, Europeans gain motivation and methods to colonize into America, Africa, and Asia. In order for them to have methods to colonize, they must have numerous motivations to do that. One of the motivations that the European might have is that they want to expand their power and gain more lands. Before, they were rule by a foreign country besides themselves, but when they gain their independence, they don’t want to be rule by anyone anymore and wants to develop their own government and civilizations. Another motivation is that they might want to advance their trading and spread their beliefs to other places. With the new lands they achieve from colonizing in the new lands in Americas, Africa, and Asia, they are able to start a new trading system that could interact with different societies than they do now. The third motivation that they have is the advancement of their technology. When the European created warfare weapons and steels, they are able to take over other places much easier because the foreign countries are not able to defend themselves with the slow technology advancement they are in. As the European goes in the lands with their technology, they are able to scare the enemy and easily whip them out. For example, the invention of the gun and gunpowder has given the European a huge advantage. They are able to use the gun and gunpowder to scared enemies away because they are so afraid of it and thinks that there no way to stop them. All these motivation existed in the Europeans; therefore new methods of colonizing into the countries became to form. One of the method that the European have is taking over new places that wasn’t taken over yet, so it would be easier for them to convince the people that their on their side. Also, the only attack the enemies that are weaker than them, so they are able to gain more power and lose fewer soldiers. Another method is that, they seize the control of the international trading routes. As a result, the European has the say to exchange with whoever they want and which places are able to trade with each other and which are not. **Dutch East India Company** and **British East India Company** were later to create to regulate trade and money in the economy. Many things were being traded among the nations such as foods, diseases, and people. Different kinds of new foods were imported from different nations. For example, the Americans imported corns and potatoes into Europe and the European influence the used of animals into the Americas. Diseases were being exchange also; many sicknesses was brought upon and created a major decrease in populations in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europeans. Lastly, people were being traded also. One example is slaves from Africa; they were being traded into America for labor work when labor work begins. Many people believe that how the disease spread toward different places was the fault of trading slaves into the nations.