The+West

"THE WEST"

The major effects of decolonization post WWII Europe were.... The Cold War divide Europe by having the Soviet Union being in charge of the eastern Europe countries with eastern bloc while American takesthe West. Also, the east side of Germany is occupy by the Soviet Union. Harry Turman called this division as the Iron Curtain that seperates the west and the east side of Germany and Europe. The implications of this division is to help Europe recover from crisis and not have another war to be brought upon again by provinding aids and loans toward dthe nations are that in needs of it. Such as the Marashall Plan, it a program that provide loans toward the western nations to rebuild after the war.
 * Read chapter 31p.732 - 750**
 * What were the major effects of decolonization post WWII on Europe?
 * 1) hostile climates with well-organzied nationalist resistance
 * 2) France join military with Algerian to fight against nationalist forces
 * 3) Western government retained cultural relations with former colonies and provide administrative/ military help
 * 4) economic remain strong for west~ partically in Africa - minteral and agricultural resources --> trade.
 * 5) protest of Suez Canal by attacking independence of Egypt by the France in 1956
 * How did the Cold War divide Europe? What were the implications of this division?

European governments move towards Liberal Democracies because they don't want to have a mistake as Germany earlier Wiemar Republic by outlawing extremist political movements.
 * Why did European governments move towards Liberal Democracies?

The welfare state was a new activism of the state in economic policy and welfare issues. It took care of unemployment insurance, medical care was supported by state funded insurance, Britain became the center piece of new Labour programs, families were able to provided with payments to families with several children. Technocrat was increased. The issues were the growth of family size.
 * What was the welfare state? Why did they develop? what were the issues?


 * Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe
 * 1) produce new harmony among European nations
 * 2) Germany participate in the NATO
 * 3) 6 nations becoming a part of the European Union
 * 4) nationalist tensions decrease
 * 5) Marshall Plan


 * Outline economic development in Europe
 * 1) improvement of purchasing power for masses and facilitating market expansion across nations.
 * 2) peasant farmers adopt new equips and seeds= improvement of agricultural
 * 3) the rise of food price
 * 4) consumer goods increasing with the low unemployment and economic growth


 * Outline the post war development of the non-European West (Excluding the United States)
 * 1) Medical insurance in Canada was greater than the US
 * 2) Nationalism existing leading toward agreement of Canada and US
 * 3) French Canadians set a formation of separatist party


 * Explain the growing role of the United States in world affairs The United States were part of making peace in the world. They are the most powerful out of the other nations with the power they have. They were the only one that are able to oppose to the Soviets.

-World War II~ more jobs and being involve in governmetn -gaining rights and higher education -able to divorce, abortion law, and creation of birth control -new feminism took place - feminist protested to find new identities in the society -increase in art such as film industry in Europe -coca cola, jeans, and gum were brought into the economic and social. -the separation of youth and upper class fashion -sexual culture changed -more intellectuals and changes
 * Trace developments for women in the post war West
 * Outline cultural developments in Europe.

This is consider to be "The West" because France and Spain was consider to be in the Western side of Europe. Also Germany was consider to be the west and it is located on the West side of Europe. The France, Britain, Germany, and Spain were the most industrialized nations and in the Western part are the most developed countries during the time, therefore it should be were the 4 nations are located.

WWII Notes

**Old and New Causes of a Second World War** MI: Adolf Hilter and National Socialist gain power with the help of the Great Depression after World War I.
 * Guomindang (Nationalist) party, General Chiang Kai-shek won support of intellectuals, students, business classes, rural gentry, members of discredited Confucian elites, rival military leaders → went against northern and southern warlords= unify China with strong central government.
 * 1931, Japan seized Manchuria= independent state of Manchukuo.
 * 1918, Weimar force to sign the treaty at Versailles → Great Depression struck → Adolf Hitler and **National Socialist (Nazi)**  = gain votes and parliamentary seats in elections → promise to put German people back to work, restore stability, turn back the communist bid to seize power in Germany → wants to invade and destroy Soviet Union.
 * Italian uses gaseous gases against armed forces using little weapons
 * Spanish Civil War ~ the German and Italian uses the Spanish conflict as training grounds for their forces however the main target were ground forces.
 * France, Soviet Union, United States, and other democracies provided military toward Spain’s republicans.
 * Franco refused to joined the Axis forces during the global war that broke out after the fall of republic and the being of a dictator rule in Spain.

**Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific** MI: Winston Churchill warn that war going to begin and September 1, 1939 with the invasion of Germans into Poland it started World War II.
 * World War II begin on September 1, 1939 with the invasion of Poland by the Germans.
 * Axis power was formed by Germans
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Winston Churchill** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> warned that war going to begin and was a military leader of Britain
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1937- Manchukuo launched a massive invasion of China proper leading toward fire fight between the Japanese and Chinese → wanting to take over China → Japan aggressive spark the Germans
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">end of 1938 ~ Japanese occupy most of coastal cities → December 1937, Japanese forces took out retreating Chinese troops and civilian population → destruction, pillage, murder of innocent civilians, rape of undefended women.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Late 1941, Chinese and Japanese were against each other for east of Asia where the main centers of powers were for the Chinese.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">September 1940, Japanese, Italy, and Germany join together to form alliances → Nazi military trained Guomindang officers and troops in the invasion of Japan of China
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Germans sign a nonaggression pact with Stalin in August 1939 ~ being ready for Soviets→ Nazi takes the western Poland while Soviets occupied the eastern half
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">British and France declare war on Germany~ defensive war

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**The Conduct of a Second Global War** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: By the 1930s, axis and allied powers were formed by the Soviet Union and the Germans, while the allied has a better advantage than the axis.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Anglo American and Soviet alliance were more powerful in population size, potential industrial production, technological innovation, military capacity on land seas and air.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: Germans uses blitzkrieg as a straegry of winning most wars, but the Battle of Britain was a turn over of everything.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**blitzkrieg** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">concept were use by the German for invasions calling “lightening war” involving combination of tanks and mechanized troop carriers, backup infantry, and supporting fighter aircraft and bombers on the enemy territory → German punish adversaries or civilian population who refuse to yield toward the German army.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nazi puppet regime center the city of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Vichy** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ Britain survived while British armies were driven from continent while nations people and cites were under the German.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Battle of Britain** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, Churchill use radar devices to track German assault aircraft → German retreated.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">mid-1941, Germans control most of Europe and Mediterranean → seizing Suez Canal and cutting Britain off from Asian empire and provided with resources, war materials, soldiers, and slave labor
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Soviet Union retreated east ward rather than surrendering → Stalin reorder Soviet to relocated across Ural Mountain to shield them from attack and capture.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Harsh winter of Russia drove the German force out → population decrease
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">German troops were sent into Russia again → winter came once again → cause destruction toward entire army and prove turning point.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1943, Red armies went on offensive → allies power gain most of it’s lands back that was taken away from the German.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//From Persecution to Genocide: Hitler’s War Against the Jews// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: Germans created a massive killing of Jews called the Holocaust.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Germans announce the “final solution” for the Jews creating concentration camps for them.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">As the war gets more against Hitler → more genocidal campaign they want against Jewish People → human suffering and humiliations
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Supporting countries of the Germans turn Jews to the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Holocaust** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Western Allies refusal of immigrants of Jews

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12- Year Reich// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">American forces join the allies due to the attack from the German U-boats
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Battle of Bulge** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ Allies invaded west of Germany, while Red armies were pouring in from the east.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hitler suicides on his bunker

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: Japanese begin to expands it’s territories and power.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Before the attack of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Pearl Harbor** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> in December 7, 1941 ~ Japanese were engage in war with the Chinese taking up their territories.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Japanese seize southeast Asia.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">United States naval and air forces fought against the Japanese in <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Battle of the Coral Sea** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Midway Island.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">March 1945~ General Curtis Le May ordered a mass aerial bombardment on Japanese cities → destroy 40 percent of the city within days
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">August 6 and three days later on August 9, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki → over 100,00 casualties and deaths from radiation sickness increased

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**War’s End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: After the end of World War II, the nations created the United States as part of a resolution toward the war.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**United Nations (UN)** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> were established after the war with the Allies and Axis being part of it.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">UN was used for rights, peace, and inequality within the nations.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//From Hot War to Cold War// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MI: After many conferences that was held, tensions begin to developed within the nations causing the cold war to be form.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1945-1949 the beginning of cold war occur when nations don’t have an agreement of peace and settlement after the war.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1944 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Tehran Conference** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">= tensions when allies agreed on the invasion of Nazi-occupied France.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Yalta Conference** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">in 1945, Germany was divided up into four parts
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">July 1945, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Potsdam** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> → Russia control eastern Germany, Soviet Union take over eastern Poland, Germany was divided, Austria was divide and occupied which gain unity and independence
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Japan was occupied by the United States ~ Korea was divide by the United States and Soviet Union ~ China was back to it’s original status what it was before and gaining all lands back

Notes

//Bouncing Back?//
 * The Roaring Twenties** (p.673-678)

MI:In the 1920s, cubist movement and new scientific ideas were formed, while inflation sets it's position in the society.


 * wartime government printed new money rather than raising taxes --> inflation
 * **__Cubist movement__** - artistic activity lead by Pablo Picasso ~ object in geometrical shape.
 * Writers and composers challenged stylistic traditions
 * Albert Einstein's ~ physics, atomic structure, and genetics advanced
 * Mass consumption items --> development of Radio
 * women were able to be participated in popular culture, nightclubs, smoking, and dance crazes --> Britain, Germany, United States, Turkey= right to vote for women.
 * agricultural and coal mining were not able to recover prosperity for the British
 * Western Europe did not regain markets that have been taken control by the United States or Japan
 * European countries --> new communist parties--> matched by right-wing movement ~ supported by war veterans.

//Other Industrial Centers//

MI: Some nations gain their independence and later entertainment became to play an important role.


 * Australia= independence in 1901 --> gain pride in military role
 * 1920s, conferences approve the independence of Dominions and co-equal status with Britain
 * British Commonwealth of Nations was free association of members ~ British represents three Dominions
 * Dominions registered export growth and population gains from immigration
 * Australia introduced welfare measures and response to strong labor movements, economic planning
 * Corporations expanded/innovated ~ex: adding research and development of operations to portfolios
 * Henry Ford --> created the assembly line for automobile in 1913
 * Jazz spread from African American centers in the South performances in Europe
 * Hollywood = global film capital ~1920 --> Hollywood stars became international staples
 * U.S Senate reject Versailles of treaty and refusing to join League of Nations
 * U.S refused foreign alliances and become an isolationist
 * U.S--> fear of communism with "Red Scare"
 * Japan--> agricultural-> greater used of fertilizers and mechanical equipment --> freed labor for expanding factories
 * Japan heavy industrialize on shipbuilding, electrical power, organizing zaibatsu linking the states
 * Japan depends on exports to West, needed foreign earnings to cover for import of fuel, raw materials,supporting population growth
 * Japan--> military leaders~ trained separately and report to emperor directly --> budgets reduced
 * Liberal politicians expanded voting rights to all adult males, but no full agreement on the right political structure

//New Authoritarianism: The RIse of Fascism//

MI:After World War I, fascism arise and Italy begin to revolt against the little territory they have received from the war.


 * 1919, **__Benito Mussolini__** (former socialist and former solider) created the //fascio di combattimento// "union of struggle" in Italy --> corporate state that would replace capitalism and socialism with national unity--> pointed to need for aggressive, nationalistic foreign policy.
 * Fascists in Italy --> worked to seize power by means and build strong states under strong leaders.
 * **__Fascism__** - intellectuals urge need for new authoritarian leadership and to have nationalist values over capitalist profit-seeking/ socialist class struggle.
 * Italy urge that Italy gain too little territory in Wold War I--> Veterans often felt abandoned by civilian society~ wanting new actions --> Labor unrest increase
 * 1922, Italian king, Mussolini form new government--> got rid of opposition and 1926 suspended elections outright while wanting to have more state direction of economy and issuing strident propaganda ~ about military conquests.

//The New Nations of East Central Europe//

MI:Agricultural took a major role and effect many lives.


 * New nations from Baltic states to Yugoslavia--> consume nationalist excitement @ independence but harbor intense grievances on territories that no in their control
 * Authoritarianism arrived through dictator or monarch's seizure of new power
 * Eastern European countries remain heavy dependent on agricultural --> effective by the collapse of agricultural prices and Depression
 * Aristocratic estate owners --> peasant movements ~ brought support for regimes
 * Peasant land hunger and continuity of poverty and illiteracy were not fixed.

//A Balance Sheet//

MI: While other nations were conflicting, the United States takes it's position as isolation.


 * industrial and social change combined with signs of creativity in culture, science, and arts
 * challenges to democracy arose in Italy and east central Europe, while Japanese politics were not as stable
 * United States tries to isolate itself from world politics


 * The Global Great Depression (690-695)**

MI: By the 1929, stock markets crash creating the Great Depression.


 * 1929, New York stock market crash --> __**Great Depression**__ --> result from new problems in industrial economy of Europe and the United States combine with long-term weakness in economies that depends on sales of cheap exports in international market.

//Causation//

MI:Due to the Great Depression, inflation begin leading toward corruption.


 * Inflation for many farmers--> Food production was given to wartime needs
 * Farmers were unable to sustain their high demand for manufactured goods--> prices and earning went down--> debts were harder to be paid back
 * U.S banks loan money to sustain demand for goods for the European
 * European government and businesses organized African colonies for more profitable--> set up large estates to devote goods
 * massive productions--> earnings and prices decreased.
 * unable to buy industrial exports --> weaken demand for Western
 * coal, iron, textiles begin to decline

//The Debacle//

MI: Stock values, banks, and jobs were all effected by the Great Depression.


 * Stock values tumbled when investors lost confidence--> prices been rise
 * Banks ~ depends on stock investments--> bankruptcy
 * 1932, production level dropped--.> employment decrease and lower wages
 * Less Jobs
 * Graduating students were not able to find work

//Responses to the Depression in Western Europe//

MI:By the 1935, the Popular Front was form by socialist and communist in the government.


 * National tariffs were increase to keep out the goods from other countries
 * Socialist and communist parties expanded
 * Rightist movement called for strong leaders and fervent nationalism growth
 * **__Popular Front__** 1936, parties formed by liberal socialist and communist

//The New Deal//

MI: As a resolution toward Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt created the New Deal.


 * Franklin Roosevelt created the **__New Deal__** which aided Americans at risk of increasing unemployment benefits, public works, Social Security system basing on contributions from workers/employers
 * New Deal brought confidence of most Americans in politician system

//The Rise of Nazism// MI: Germany was blame by the treaty after war, therefore Hitler took power creating a totalitarian state.
 * The Authoritarian Response**


 * Treaty blame Germany for the war
 * Nationalist Socialist regime in Germany under Adolf Hitler that made new political movement
 * Hitler promise groups a return for traditional ways~ many artisans voted for him--> went against modern life.
 * Hitler attacked Jewish influences
 * construct a **__totalitarian state__**~ new kind of government that has direct control over activities of its subjects
 * __**Gestapo**__, arrested whoever against the totalitarian state that he made.
 * Hitler blame the Jews for various personal misfortunes and socialism and capitalism

//The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil War//

MI: Fascism spread toward into Spain and led toward the Spanish Civil War.


 * 1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia and conquer the ancient land
 * League of Nations condemned the action
 * Italians won new colony
 * Fascism spread into Spain --> **__Spanish Civil War__**--> support parliamentary republic and social reform

//Economic and Political Changes in Latin America//

MI:The improvement of industrialization, public education, and other liberal programs were not effective toward class boundaries.


 * Latin America, liberalism was not an expression of strength of the middle class
 * increasing industrialization, public education, and other classic liberal programs did not dissolve old class boundaries
 * Socialist and communist parties formed in Latin American nations after the Russian Revolution in 1917~ sometime aided by international communist movement.