Mongols

MONGOLS

//ESPIRIT CHART OF MONGOLS// The Mongol Empire form with the conquests in China and trades with others.
 * E || MI: Survival in the economic were depended on dairy products and everyday life.
 * Survival depended on Herds of goats and sheep
 * Staple foods were meat and milk products ~ provide by herds
 * Dressed in sheepskins, made boots from tanned sheep hides
 * Lived in round felt tents that made of wool sheared from animals
 * Rode on little ponies to round up herds, hunt wild animals, make war essential to the way of life~ Mongols boys and girls are able to ride when they are able to walk and warriors could ride for days and sleeping, eating in the saddle
 * Homes, palaces, mosques, and temples were reduced to rubble by the Mongols
 * 1227, the year of Chinggis Khan death the Mongols has ruled an empire that stretched from eastern Persia to North China Sea
 * Created the capital, **Karakorum** ||
 * S || MI: Groups such as confederations, baibars, and women were able to do different things among each other in the society.
 * Tribe~ divided into kin-related clans that camped and herded together on regular basis
 * Clans and tribes are able to be combined due preparing for battle or going against the enemy~ great confederations
 * Confederations was held by great leaders ~ elected by free men of the group
 * Women roles was inside the family and right to be heard in tribal councils, but not allow to take a position
 * Mongol tribes (warriors) were trained when they were young by riding, hunting, and fighting~ consider to be tough, mobile, and accustom to killing and death
 * Mongols spared lives of scholars and townspeople were slaughtered or sold to slavery
 * Mongols were viewed as “barbarian” ~ violence and destruction
 * **Baibars~** enslaved by the Mongols and sold in Egypt where they rose power in military services
 * Russian peasantry~ give crops and labor to both princes and Mongol overlords they were consider to be serfs in return for protection
 * Moscow benefit from Mongol ~1328- profit from its status as tribute collector for Khans
 * Moscow ~ strength ~ Golden Horde declined
 * 1380- Moscow prince went from being tribute collectors to defenders of Russia~ raised army with other Russian vassals to defeat the Golden Horde at Battle of Rulikova ||
 * P || MI: Warfare and leaders were the ones that runs the government.
 * Courage in battle~ evidence by bravery in hunt and ability
 * Strong leader are able to build up large follow chiefs from clans and tribal groups
 * Weak leaders are abandoned
 * After the death of Kabul, his successors are not able to defeat the nomadic enemies nor holding the Mongols alliance together~ Mongols divided and beaten
 * Temujin(Chinggis Khan) was put into power after the poison of his father, but chiefs refuse to allow a boy to take the position
 * 1182, Temujin was put into jail and led in humiliation to the camp of his enemies, but escape and rejoin his mother and brothers
 * 1206, during the **kuriltai**, he rename himself Chinggis Khan and was elected as the **khagan**
 * Clans and tribes were loyal to the **khagan**
 * Mongols forces~ divided into **tumens~** each commanders of each level were in charge of training, arming, and disciplining cavalrymen
 * Towns surrendered without fight ~ spared, but was required to pay tribute to the Mongol conquerors as the price of deliverance
 * The controlled of Chinggis Khan was divided up for his three remaining sons and Batu, a grandson
 * **Ogedei,** his third son is elected as khagan.
 * **Golden Horde** ~Russia and Europe was being after
 * **Golden Horde** territories are divided into four great **Khanates**
 * Russia divided in different kingdoms centering on trading cities, Novgorod and Kiev ||
 * I || MI: Mongols interactions among other countries were through conquests and trades.
 * Vegetables and grains were trade with farming people
 * Hides and dairy products were traded for jewelry, weapons, cloth in urban cities
 * Early 12th century~ Kabul Khan (grandfather of Chinggis Khan) led the Mongol alliance to a victory against Qin kingdom of north China
 * 1206, Chinggis Khan was the ruler of nearly one-half million Mongols and overlord of 1-2 million nomads
 * Conquer the Tangut kingdom of Xi Xia in northwest China
 * Mongol armies attack the Jin Empire, which the Manchu-related Jurchens was created in the north of China
 * 1219, Chinggis Khan led his army at the conquest of the Khwarazm Empire
 * Tens of thousands of Turkic horsemen were brought into Chinggis Khan army
 * Tangut army was fought on frozen waters of the Yellow River
 * China and parts of Persia was consider to be the common property of the Mongol ruling family
 * At the **Battle of Kulikova**, the Russian has defeated the Golden Horde~ broke the Mongol hold over Russia
 * Began invasion of Russia under Beta in 1236
 * Defeated Russia ~ Ryazan, Moscow, and Vladimir that surrender to them
 * Mongols fought Russia during winter time-> frozen gave good footing for horses and rivers gave access to enemies.
 * Mongols were defeated @ 1960 by the mamluk ||
 * R || MI: Religion didn’t really exist in the Mongols, besides that Chinggis Khan follow the shamanistic.
 * Followed Shamanistic (focused on nature spirits), beliefs of his ancestors, immortal ~ Chinggis Khan ||
 * I || MI: Cultural and intellectual begins to influence into the Mongols.
 * Bureaucrats was created with the advice and talents of the Muslim and Chinese ||
 * T || MI: Weapons begins to develop into the Mongols and made the Mongols to be more powerful than it was before.
 * Weapons such as lances, hatchets, iron maces, short bows were used during battles
 * Metal armors
 * Bows and arrows
 * Leather helmets
 * Flags and special signal fires was used to keep main force inform of enemy’s movements
 * Maps of areas
 * Variety of flaming and exploding arrows, gunpowder projectiles, bronze cannons were brought into the Mongols forces
 * With the help of Chinese artisans and military commanders they created siege weapons such as the battering rams, catapults that hurled rocks, explosive balls, bamboo rockets ||

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//NOTES ON THE MONGOLS//

MI: After the conquest of north China, Kubilai Khan brought back bureaucracy and created a separation between Mongols and Chinese. · Laws were passed to separate the Chinese and Mongols. o Chinese scholars forbid to learn Mongol script, which was used for records and correspondence at upper levels of imperial government. o Mongols forbidden to marry ethnic Chinese o Only women from nomadic families were selected for imperial harem. o Friendships were discouraged o Military remain separated · Yuan era, new social structure was created. o Mongols o Central Asian nomadic and Muslim allies o North Chinese o Ethnic Chinese and people of the south · Told his Confucian advisors to reestablish civil service exams. //Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture// MI: Mongol women were more involve than the Chinese. · Refused to adopt the practice of foot binding and retain their rights to property and control within household such as freedom to move about the town and countryside. · Daughter of Kubilai’s cousins went to war and refused to marry until she finds the ones choose to marry. · Chabi played a role in the government and gives advices to Kubilai Khan. //Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence// MI: Kubilai and Chabi welcome foreign influences bringing new ideas into the empire. · Muslims designed and supervised building of his Chinese-style imperial city and proposed new systems for more efficient tax collection. · Buddhists, Nestorian, Christian, Daoists, and Latin Christians made it way into the Yuan court. · 13th century- Marco Polo – descriptions of palaces, cities, and wealth of Kubilai’s empire attract European interest in Asia and helped inspire efforts by navigators. //Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance// MI: Mongols begin to have adaptation of Chinese culture, also separating the Mongols from the others. · During the Yuan period, merchants became more important due to the Mongols effort to improve transportation and expand the supply of money · Chinese artistic endeavors ~ essays and poetry writing existed under the Mongols · Kubilai Khan pursued policies toward peasants that the scholarly class would approved. o Forbid Mongol cavalrymen from turning croplands into pasture o Restored granary system for famine relief o Reduce peasant tax and force labor burdens o Developed revolutionary plan to created elementary education //The fall of the House of Yuan// MI: After the death of Chabi, the Mongol Empire begins to become weaker and contains many corruptions. · Kubilai’s successors lacked his capacity for leadership and care little for tedium of the administrative tasks. · Muslim and Chinese~ entrusted imperial finances enriched themselves through graft and corruption~ angered hard-pressed peasantry. Also they were called “barbarian” · White Lotus Society ~ was focusing on overthrowing the dynasty~ Ju Tuanzhang found the Ming dynasty when the Mongol Empire ended. //Aftershock: The Brief of Ride of Timur// MI: Turks empire begins to arise after the fall of Mongol Empire, but the empire wasn’t as big as the Mongols. · Timur-i Lang was the leader of the noble land-owning clan~ consider to be ruthless conqueror · 1360s – Lang armies moved out from base at Samarkand to conquest in Persia, Fertile crescent, India, and southern Russia · Timur remember as barbaric destruction o Armies built pyramids of skills with heads of those killed o Ten thousands of people were slaughtered after they took city of Aleppo, but spared artisans and scientists.
 * The Mongol Interlude in Chinese**