Spain+and+Portugal+in+the+Americas

Spain and Portugal in the Americas

//ESPIRIT CHART OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL / SUMARRY//

o Tenochtitlan was cut off and besieged with the help of Aztecs’ traditional enemies. o Tenochtitlan was replaced by **Mexico City**. Impact of the Spanish invasion of the Americas. Summary: During the 1500s, the Spanish invasion of America has brought their influences from Spain into America. Different kinds of system from Spain were brought into America. One of it is the tax system; the Americans begin to tax people and earn more money for the government. A second system that they brought it in from Spain is the labor system. As a structure was developed and castas begin to exist, in the society different classes was developed. The lower class contains slaves and Native Americans that worked for the European as laborers. Afterwards, when plantations were brought into the society, more labor was used and slaves/ Native Americans were expected to work. A kind of labor that existed is the Mining labor; it brought more wealth into the Americas. Some of the populations in America was decrease due to gold hunting, slaving, and European diseases. The Spanish invasion of America created somewhat of a good impact toward the Americas, making it more advanced.
 * E || MI: The expanding of the Indian economic was depended on agricultural, labor system, and mining.
 * Spanish and Portuguese lands were cultural frontier between Christian and Islam.
 * **Ferdinand of Aragon** and **Isabella of Castile** support a program of unification eliminating religious and ethnic diversity in the kingdom.
 * Iberian Peninsula imported slaves~ from trans-Sahara trade.
 * Agricultural Taino people ~ provide enough surplus labor to begin encomienda.
 * Sugar plantation was developed with the help of imported African slaves.
 * Gold-hunting phase was replaced by the creation of ranches and sugar plantations.
 * Decreases of native people~ the importation of African laborers.
 * European livestock increase and new farm lands were created.
 * Silver mining towns developed~ **Potosi** -> wealth
 * Mining labor~ system of labor drafts-> large number of wage workers willing to risk their lives in mining for good wages.
 * **Haciendas** produced for consumers in America~ basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.
 * Inflation begins to exist in Spain with the silver and goods that the India American was importing in.
 * Take labors and taxes ~ Spain
 * Depended on planation. ||
 * S || MI: During this period, women played more roles in the society and native Americans were treated terribly. Change of status, native Americans to work
 * Europeans live in cities and towns surround by native populations.
 * Conquerors recreated themselves as a new nobility~ native people as serfs.
 * Patriarchal family and **encomiendas** were adopted by the people in Latin America.
 * Holder of the encomienda~ **encomendero**, was able use the people as workers/tax them. (Serfdom toward the people).
 * American Indians were mistreated and destructed~ attempts by clerics and royal administrators to end the worse abuse. (**Bartolome de Las Casas** were the one that fought for the).
 * Adventurous men ~ see themselves as new nobility entitled to dominion over a new peasantry toward the American Indians.
 * Women are able to be part of the conquests.
 * Missionaries were the defenders of the Indian rights and admirers of aspects of Indian culture.
 * Archbishops sat in the capital and control the church hierarchy developed.
 * Sexual exploitation from Europeans.
 * Mestizo population possessing higher status than Indians.
 * Clergy~ supporters of state policy. ||
 * P || MI: In the beginning of the Indian society, they did not contain a developed government until later on. Established administrations and economy.
 * Portugal and Castile bureaucracy ~ made up of trained men who are lawyers and judges~ SIMILAR TO THE OTHERS THAT WE READ ABOUT.
 * Governorship, treasury office, royal court was created to rule.
 * Spanish legalism was part of the ruling~ new laws were developed.
 * Increase of royal control.
 * Civil society was form by women, missionaries, administrators, and artisans.
 * **New Spain** was under the control of the Spanish, controlling Mexico network of towns and dense, agricultural populations..
 * After each conquest, everyone was rewarded, but not fairly.
 * In Mexico and Peru, traditional Indian nobility remain in place that supports by the Spanish authority~ middlemen between the tax and labor demands of new rulers and the populations.
 * Grants of lands= basis of wealth
 * Communities required sending groups of laborers to work on state projects~ church construction and road building, labor gangs for mining/agriculture. (mita)
 * Indians were paid for the mita, but was abuses of the system by local officials and community labor requirement~ bad to Indian life.
 * Indians left villages~ avoiding the labor and tax obligations-> wage labor system
 * Spanish legal system and law courts were adopted by the native people.
 * Subsoil rights belong to the crown and mines, processing planets were own by others.
 * **Treaty of Tordesillas** was passed in 1494~ Spain increase the power of it’s rule~ Other European rise to objection toward the claims.
 * Bureaucratic system ~ staffed with **letrados**
 * **Recopilacion**~ codified laws into basis of government
 * King rule through **Council of the Indies** in Spain ||
 * I || MI: Interaction with foreign places was more common due to the conquests and expansion of the Indian wants to take.
 * Portugal ~ moves down the African coast~ creating trading posts instead of colonies.
 * Atlantic islands extensive estates were created~ resulting a slave trade with Africa and highly commercial agricultural system*sugar.
 * Conquest of Spanish and Portuguese and colonization of the Americas.
 * **Caribbean** experience served Spain as a model for its action somewhere else in the Americas.
 * Colonies were created in **Hispaniola** ~ Santo Domingo.
 * Puerto Rico and Cuba fell under the Control of the Spanish.
 * Spanish expands its settlements into Panama and northern coast of South America.
 * Apply Roman models and rational town planning ideas toward new situation.
 * More immigrants such as Spanish woman and African slaves were imported.
 * Battles with Mexico were fought by **Hernan Cortes** on the towns of the Aztec Empire and **Moctezumma II** was later captured and killed.
 * Spanish took control of Peru
 * **Francisco Vazequez de Coronado** and **Pedro de Valdivia** expanded the Spanish the control even more in the Americas.
 * Spain only allowed Americans to trade with them with the help of **consulado** and able to keep the prices high in the colonies.
 * **Galleons** imported and exported goods from other countries. ||
 * R || MI: Religion only took place in churches and was not found very common.
 * Reconquest of Iberian peninsula from Muslims and links brought close links between churches and state.
 * Church was represented by individual priests and then missionaries ~ Domincians.
 * Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits carried out conversion of India’s~ creating churches in towns and villages and setting up missions in frontier areas.
 * Missionary churches were replaced by different structures of parishes and bishoprics.
 * Christianity played a role and push Muslims out ||
 * I || MI: New ideas and books were brought into the society later on.
 * Spanish American cities were laid out according to the grid plan or checkerboard form, with town hall, major church, and governor’s palace in the center.
 * Adventurous, disappointed, and greedy were repeated patterns.
 * Questioning if conquests of Indians were justified or not.
 * Religious books were developed and Catholic Church appearances influence by the Europeans. ||
 * T || MI: Technology in America was mainly influence by the Spanish control and development.
 * Gold hunting, slaving, and European diseases~ decrease the population of the islands.
 * Firearms, horses, and steel weapons gave advantage against stone technology of the native people.
 * Adaptation of European food, technology, and culture.
 * The Spanish discovery of mountain of mercury @ **Huancavelica**~ aid American silver production.
 * Development of small textile sweatshop ~ common cloth produced by women. ||



Chapter 19 Notes **Brazil:The First Plantation Colony**  MI: In the 1500s, **captaincies**  were given to nobles and developed sugar plantations that are run with Native American and African slaves.

//Sugar and Slavery//  MI: Brazil social hierarchy was reflected by their plantation and slave origins, at the same time Portugal created a bureaucratic structure tieing the two together.
 * Brazil~ Sugar cane was cut and pressed in large mills, then the juice was heated to crystallize into sugar~ combination of industry and agriculture-> large machinery and labor of slaves to be imported.
 * Brazil~ social hierarchy reflected the plantation and slave origins.

 -white planter families became aristocracy linked by marriages to merchants and Portuguese bureaucrats and officials. -Bottom of the society were slaves, they were distinguished by colors and status of property. -Mix origins were found among the whites and the slaves. poorer whites, freed blacks, and free Indians~ artisans
 * Portugal ~created a bureaucratic structure~ Missionary ~important~ extensive cattle ranches and sugar mills supported the construction of churches and schools such as network of missions with thousands of Native American residents.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spanish-America~ royal officials trained in the law formed the core of bureaucracy -> Portuguese Empire included colonies and outposts in foreign countries~ Brazil became tight with Portugal~ stronger and more dependent.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -Brazil and Portugal ~ intellectual life-> seeking higher education, government offices, and hoping to publish their works. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Brazil’s Age of Gold// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: New plantations were created, but was abandon when gold strikes were made in 1695, which open up new settlements and increasing slave labors.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dutch control a portion of northeastern Brazil sugar production-> Dutch, English, and French created their own plantations colonies in the Caribbean ~ producing sugar with slave laborers-> rising price of slaves and sugar price decrease (European nation tired to created an integrated set of colonies that has plantations, slaving ports, and food-producing areas.)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Paulistas** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ search for metals-> 1695-gold strikes were made in mountainous interior in region called <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Minas Gerais** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> giving Brazilian colony a new boom.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">People abandon coastal towns and plantations to head for gold washings~ made up of immigrants and salves provide labor in the mines/plantations-> government wanted to control the wealth by collecting taxes and rein~ made Brazil the greatest source of gold in Western world.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">diamonds and gold open to new settlements.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mining open new areas for farming and ranching to supply new markets in the mining zone. ~ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Rio de Janeiro** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - mining ports grew in size and importance.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -wealth was used for sponsoring churches, artist works, architects, and composers. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-populated by large numbers of slaves and free persons of colors.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Multiracial Societies** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Indians, Europeans, and Africans created a large scale of multiracial societies, which they were separated with their own social rankings and own rules/laws.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Europeans as conquerors and voluntary immigrants, Africans as slaves, Indians as conquered people-> created hierarchies of masters and servants.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //The Society of Castas// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Hierarchy of castas brought different classes, restrictions, and new labors into the soceity.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">mixed marriages and informal unions were common-> large population of mixed background, mestizos~ higher status of Indians, able to live according to Spanish society, not equal to the Spanish.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -Slave owners took slave servants as wives and freed their mulatto children.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">European categories of noble, priest, commoner continued and hierarchies were based on wealth and occupation~ American realities created new distinctions-> race, place of birth playing a role, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**sociedad de castas** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> basing on Europeans or whites being on the top while black slaves and native Americans are on the bottom.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">painting was developed to tell the difference of of the various combinations of mixed origins, castas~ shopkeepers and small farmers-> Brazil mainly made up of slave blacks and mulattos.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">increasing restrictions on the mixed populations

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -mestizo~ married a Spanish woman might be called white. -ranks of castas, swelled by former slaves who had been given or bought their freedom and by Indians who left their communities, spoke Spanish, lived within the orbit of Hispanic world. -colored and ethnicity created a pseudoracial hierarchy. -Wealthy merchants, landowners, bureaucrats, and miners were white. ~ Europeans.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Creoles** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ born in the New world, has control of everything ~ developed a sense of identity and pride in their accomplishments.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**peninsularies** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ born in Spain.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hierarchy of race played a role in the tradition of gender, age, and class.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -father has control of his child until they are 25. -woman not able to be part of the government and expected to do household and motherhood duties. -women is under husband authority after marriage. -lower-class women~control small scale commerce in towns and villages, work on fields, labored in factories. Marriages were arranged and accompanied by payment. -Upper class women did not marry at young age~ placed in convents to prevent contacts/ marriages with partners of mixed backgrounds.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**The 18th Century Reforms** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Intellectual ideas were brought up into Spain and Portugal creating new ideas and improvements into the empires.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spain~ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**amigos del pais** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> met in many cities to discuss and plan different kinds of reforms. //
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Portugal~ foreign influences and ideas to created a group of progressive thinkers and bureaucrats that open new ideas in economy, education, and philosophy. //

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Foreign countries begin to weaken Spain, the War of the Spanish Succession was fought and as a result the Treaty of Utrecht was passed to announce Bourbon family as the new ruler of Spain.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Foreign wars, increasing debt, declining population, and internal revolts ~ weaken Spain= threaten by foreign countries->foreign countries taking over Caribbean ports and creating their own plantations and settlements.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">loss of territories, annual fleets becomes irregular, silver payments from America decrease, ships were non-Spanish origin, colonies became self-sufficient, central government becoming weaker, aristocrats increase control over economy and government on their regions~ corruptions in Spain.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**War of the Spanish Succession** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ensured, result at the Treaty of Utrecht~ recognizing the branch of Bourbon family as rulers of Spain.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The Bourbon Reforms// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: The Bourbon reforms were able to fix some of the issues for the colonies under the control of Portugal and Spain, but there were still some dissatisfaction during the time.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Charles III** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, wanted strong centralized government to institute economic, administrative, and military reforms~ anyone who against it gets punished or suppressed.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> System of taxation was tighten, navy was reform, new ships were build, convey fleet system was abandon, new ports were opened, ships were restricted to be sail under Spanish license.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">new viceroyalities were developed to provide better administration and defense to growing populations of regions.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Jose de Galvez** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> eliminated the Creoles from the upper bureaucracy of the colonies, corregidores were removed from Indian villages-> Creoles bureaucrats, miners, and landowners ~ political power declined.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Reforms in America~ defense and military matters.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spain was allied with France, but global struggle of France and England lead toward the Spain to be an easy target~ Spain sought out every means to strengthen itself.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">During the Buorbon reforms~ government took an active role~ state monopoles were created for items that government consider to be essential such as tobacco and gun power~ new areas were open to development.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cuba ~ full scale plantation and slave colony~ exporting sugar, coffee, and tobacco and importing Africans.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Buenos Aires~ 1790~ ranching and export of hides and slated beef~ merchants dominated the region’s trade.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spanish and English goods were cheaper and more accessible~ therefore, locally produced food was undercut so the other goods were not able to compete with the European imports.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">international trade tighten, while Latin America’s economy decrease.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mining inspectors and experts was sent to Peru and New Spain to suggest reforms and introduce new techniques~ new discoveries of new veins allowing production expand~ silver production creating an increase in the production.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bourbon reform~ Spain and America ~ short term- restructuring of government and reviving the Spanish empire economy. Long term- removal of Creoles from government, creation of militia with Creole officer corps, open of commerce, contributing to growing sense of dissatisfaction among elite.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //Pombal and Brazil// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Marquis of Pombal begin to take his reform of changing the tradition status of Africans, Native Americas, European, and Indians.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Marquis of Pombal** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ hoped to use techniques to break England’s hold on Portuguese economy, developed a dislike for Jesuits because of their allegiance to Rome and their semi-independent control of large areas in Brazil, expelled Jesuits from Portuguese Empire in 1759.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pombal made Brazil as his centerpiece of his reform~

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Fiscal reforms eliminated contraband, gold smuggling, and tax evasion. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Monopoly companies formed stimulating agriculture in older plantation zones/ given right to import large numbers of slaves. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-new crops were developed <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Rio de Janeiro became the capital/ agricultural growth. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Jesuit missionaries dominating Amazonian region receives new attention <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-monopoly company ~ created to develop region’s economy and development of cotton plantations, export of wild cacao from Amazonian forests.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">abandon slavery in Portugal to stop the import of slaves, encourage whites to marry Indians, immigrant couples of Portugal and Azores were sent to colonize at the Amazon basin and plains of southern Brazil~ produce large quantities of wheat and cattle.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pombal ~ reduce trade imbalance with England~ Brazilian trade suffered due to the demand for it products on the world market remain low.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //Reforms, Reactions, and Revolts// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: After an increase in population, rebellions begin to take place with the Comunero revolt of 1781 and the Tupac Amaru bringing the dissatisfaction that the people have toward the government. >
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Increasing of populations was from the declining of mortality rates, increasing fertility levels, increasing immigration from Europe, thriving slave trade~ opening of new areas to development and Europe’s increasing demand for American product.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rebellions in New Granada~ on popular complaints against the government’s control of tobacco and liquor consumption and rising prices such as taxes~ spread of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Comunero Revolt** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">of 1781.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peru revolt lead by Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Tupac Amaru** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, mestizo with direct link to the family of Incas ~bad government/ against worst abuses of colonial regime~ was captured and brutally executed. ~ fail due to Creoles had their own grievances against the government.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">government collect back taxes in mining region in 1788~ few bureaucrats, intellectuals, miners planned an uprising for independence~ arrested or killed.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Colonies begin to revolt against the control of Spain and Portugal~ different groups have different complaints.