Middle+East



Refection: My chart is somewhat similar to the given information in the document, but yet contain some differences. In the document it mention about the geography of the states that consider to be part of the Middle East and in my chart, there location meaning where they are at and have around them. A second similarity is religion, in the document it mentions about their culture being the same which makes people think it might be part oft he Middle East. Also, the document mentions about the Middle East being the centers of things, therefore in my diagram I put the center of trade. The differences that it in my chart and not mention in the document is the rulers of each state, technology, containing power, being located in the East side of Europe, and wars. I thought rulers of each state would consider to be part of Middle East because mainly in the Middle East have dictatorship, which contain a ruler of each state. Technology was thought to be another one because during the period, technology was a great advance and the European was the one that first developed it. Being located of the East of Europe can be one also, because the European before was in great power and everything centers around them, therefore the Middle East is the East of it.

Summary of Nationalism in Middle East:

By the 1880s, British takes power of Egypt, but Dinshawaii occurred in 1906 which created protestants against the British. Nationalist movements begin to exist due to the Zionist. They wanted Jewish to receive their homeland back therefore, the Balfour Declaration for Jewish was established. Egypt has gain their independence from the British, but they still don't receive the control of the Suez Canal. New reforms were establish due to revolts in Egypt. When corruption begin, the Free Officer movement allied with the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt due to nationalists. Khomeini revolt against and Iran became a independent ruling nations of their own.

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

 MI: By the 1880’s, British takes power over Egypt, but the Dinshawai incident occur in 1906 creating protests against the British.
 * 1882, British take control of Egyptian officers -> doubling colonization by the Turkish khedives and British advisors.
 * **Lord Cromer** (high commissioner of Egypt) = push needed economic reforms to reduce debts of the khedival regime-> bureaucracy, construction of irrigation systems, and public works projects.
 * British rely on local~ estate owning notables extended control in rural areas-> ayan receive benefits of irrigation works--> turn smallholder owners into landless tenants and laborers-> wealth increase.
 * well-heeled landed classes spent time in fashionable districts of Cairo or Alexandrai-> estates were run by hired managers (little more than rent collectors)
 * Egyptian independence was taken up by sons of **effendi**  that made up mostly by the middle class->nationalist leaders who came from rural ayan families~middle class
 * 1890s-1900s-> numerous newspapers in Arabic ~ mistake of British and corruption of khedival regime -> Egyptian critics argued to have university-educated Egypt in bureaucracy --> 1890s first nationalist party formed.
 * British repression put down student riots or assassination that attempts to go against the high British and Turco-Egyptian untie -> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Dinshawai incident** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (1906)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Egyptian villagers raise large numbers of pigeons for peasants diet--> British hunted pigeons, but shot a wife of a prayer leader of local mosque--> villagers fought against the British-> villagers were hung and punished with labors.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Protest arise due to the Dinshawai incident
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">World War I and British declaration of martial law put a temporary end to nationalist agitation.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: By the 1900s, nationalist movements were brought upon by mandates and Zionists lead toward the creation of Balfour Declaration therefore Jewish are able to migrant back to homeland.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mustafa Kemal, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Ataturk** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> ~ Turkish military commander-> drove Greek armies from colonizing the Turkish homeland.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1923~ independent Turkish republic was created--> Ataturk launch programs of reforms ~ changes in the 1920s-1930s new Latin alphabet, women’s suffrage, and criticism of veil.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">British and French betray promises to Arab independence that the British made in 1915 and early 1916--> occupied most of Middle East after the war--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Hussein** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> sheriff of Mecca used the promises to convince Arabs to rise in support of Britain’s war against Turks.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">European power face resistance from Arabs in each <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**mandates** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> ~ Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon under the League of Nations-> nationalist movements -1920s and 1930s.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">British promise Palestine~ to received a League of Nations mandate in 1922 to both Jewish <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Zionists** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and Arabs--> Lord Balfour, British foreign secretary promise Zionist leaders in 1917 that the government would establish Jewish homeland in Palestine creating the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Balfour Declaration.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//pogroms// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, violent assaults of Jewish communities of Russia and Romania ~ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Leon Pinsker** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-> acceptance by Christian European nations was not possible-> called for return to Holy Land and founded Zionist organizations such as Society for Colonization of Israel -> promoting Jewish migration to Palestine.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Theodor Herzi** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">encourage Jewish to migration and settlement--> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Alfred Dreyfus~** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">been accuse of passing military secrets to Germans--> Jews begin to join the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**World Zionist Organization** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> promoting settlement and migration for the Jewish.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Zionists mistrust to the British and open resistance from them.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Revolt in Egypt, 1919 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Egypt gains it’s independence from the British, yet they continue to defend the Suez Canal.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Defense of Suez Canal from Muslim uprising~ British created heavy drain on creasing good supplies of the area, force labor and drafting for military.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Egyptian leaders resign from government and called mass demonstration~ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Sa’d Zaghlul** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> created the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Wafd party** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> to provide nationalist with focus for unified action.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1922~ British withdrawal but 1936-> Withdrawal from the Suez Canal--> khedival regime - British right to reserved to reoccupy Egypt.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Conflicting Nationalism: Arabs, Israelis and the Palestinian Question <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Revolts were form in Egypt leading to developments of new reforms.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1952 ~ revolt of Egypt and independence movements in rest of north African gained ground against French and Algeria.~brutal persecution of Jews wining international sympathy for Zionist cause.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1936-1939, Muslim revolt~ British put down.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Haganah ,** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Zionist spearheaded by regular Zionist military force and several underground terrorist organizations.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Egypt rulers were corrupted leading to the Free Officers movement and the Muslim Brotherhood.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">military regimes such as Uganda, Myanmar, and Congo had civil liberties while making to reduce social inequities or improving living standards--> enriching military leaders and their allies.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Egypt= corrupted khedvial done little to improve standard of living of the people.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Free Officers movement** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ gain power, created from secret organization~ found by idealistic young officers → secert Revolutionary Command Council studying conditions in country prepare ~ seizing power and allied to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Muslim Brotherhood** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> ( revolutionary to khedival regime)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nasser ~ revolution in the government and carry out reforms when the Egyptian able to rule themselves.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Anwar Sadat** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- favor private states, support of Egypt revolutionary movements, expelled Russia and open Egypt to aid and investment from United states and western Europe
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Hosni Mubarak** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, continue on the revolution.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: In Iran of the 1800s-1990s, begin to rule their own government without much interfering.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, Khomeini revolution of 1979 was throwback to religious fervor ~ resistance movements led by Mahdi of Sudan in 1880s.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Khomeini’s revolution --success in seizing power to combination of circumstances that unique Iran
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">shah’s dictatorial and repressive regime ~ offended the middle classes--> strongest pontential supporters
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">shah’s half-hearted land reform- land-owning class without doing improvement of condition of rural poor
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Iran distance itself from atheistic communist world
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">law and government were supplanted by strict Islamic legal codes including punishment
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Middle class women were educated middle classes which was favored by shah’s reform
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1990s control of Islamic leaders continues and open elections.

Response of voice thread (Then And Now)

Ottoman Empire: Why is Bulgaria is separated by the others territory lost in the bottom? Why is all Africa is being taken over, while the others part that not in Africa except for Bulgaria remains? The Ottoman Empire spread throughout the Red Sea To be invaded in the East side of the Empire more Africa and Bulgaria is separated by water.

Middle East Before: How come Egypt not included? How U.A.E and Oman are left out by every other nations? they are mostly religious nations located the west of Asia, the East of Europe, and top of Africa

Middle East After: Why is some of the Middle East losing their territory and still consider to be the Middle East? It is more separated into states and nations among themselves. more over to the Asia side.

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https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1rvXaocdaeOD2o3yEZ5liR55sYvCcoKD31UUT9YNQe8s